Management Issues of Implementing Welfare to Work...

Management Issues of Implementing Welfare to Work Programs In California In August of 1996, our chief executive of the United States, President Clinton, changed the structure of welfare dependency. He signed into law, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. This act, with its entire new legislature, has come to be known as welfare reform. Our state leaders, administrators and managers face many challenges and constraints in their attempt to implement a law, which will restructure the welfare dependency roles. This paper will take a detailed view of the specific challenges faced by state public sector leaders, in the attempt to implement these new laws which created a new welfare system for the United†¦show more content†¦For too long the needy and many of our legal immigrants had dependent on government funds known as Aid for Families with Depend Children (AFDC.) When President Clinton took office, he began to restructure the United States Government and its policies. One very noticeable change, which had an impact o n the majority of the United States citizens, was the restructuring of the welfare system. AFDC was replaced by a program known as, The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF.) Under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, state administrators, as opposed to the federal government, determines the eligibility of needy families and the benefits and services they are eligible to receive. During the course of implementing welfare reform, the federal government decided that it would reduce its role as administrator of state programs and funds relating to welfare. Each state was given the authority to create and implement its own projects for reducing welfares financial weight, which the federal government carried. Each state was issued a limited amount of funds to create their own unique and innovate programs to reduce the size of welfare dependency. This action put an end to uniformed ways of administering and monitoring welfare payments. Although the federal government limited their roles of participation in welfare guidance, they set mandate in the new laws which state mustShow MoreRelatedThe Social Services Agency ( Ssa ) Of Orange County Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesStructure is the basis through which an organization seeks to create control the direction of an organization. This is completed through clear definitions of the allocation of work, differentiation, and the coordination of having those responsibilities working together towards the efforts of the organization, integration (Bolman Deal, 1993, pp). Through these methods, the organization is able to devise a division of labor that collaborates to bring about the missions and goals of an organizationRead MoreProfit Healthcare Organizations Vs. Non Profit Organizations1617 Words   |  7 Pageshospital activities (Ingram, 2014). On the contrary, nonprofit hospitals accept everyone who comes in the doors and normally, they get busier than for-profit hospital (Writing, 2014). Non-profit organization (NPO) is an association that uses total welfare to accomplish their goals than dispense them as profit. The non-profit organization goals and purpose is not in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving significance to the groups of people they administer to (Wikipedia, 2014). Sharp HealthCare OneRead MoreFamily Preservation Vs. Child Removal Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesA little over three years ago, Gabriel Fernandez, an eight year old boy, was beaten to death, allegedly, by his mother and the boyfriend of his mother in Palmdale, California. Based on the reports of the boy’s teacher, who had repetitively conveyed evidence of maltreatment to social services before the child’s death, that fatal incident was not the first time he had been abused (LA Times, 2016). According to the Los Angeles Times (2016), â€Å"In the months before the boy was killed, county child protectionRead MoreEnterprise Resource Planning Is The Fruit Of The Hard Work1515 Words   |  7 PagesAnd also the problem of integrating all the information into one base structure, which created a burning problem affecting the efficiencies of the organizations. Every organization was waiting to have an organized system which could save all their work and collaborate all the information and c ommunicate among themselves. It was a situation of having a desperate need of new build system, which would improve their process. The complications aroused in every single business process i.e. from the startRead More The Challenges of Implementing The GAIN Program Essay2252 Words   |  10 PagesThe Challenges of Implementing The GAIN Program Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) no longer exists. A new era has arrived and the nation has moved in a completely different direction. In 1996, new legislation, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, was passed. Under this new Act, The state and local governments wide –ranging autonomy, discretion and responsibility for serving poor women and children were returned to them. It does this by repealingRead MoreThe Board Of A Nonprofit Organization1562 Words   |  7 PagesThe board of a nonprofit organization plays a major role in the organizations processes and effects. Chris Morfas, the Board Chair of the nonprofit organization â€Å"California Bicycle Coalition† makes it clear that â€Å"it’s the board’s role to establish the long-term strategic direction of the organization: its mission, vision, values and goals† (Best Practices in Board-Staff Relationships). As a board, we are responsible for t he direction, oversight and resources for the organization. The board steersRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) In an Organization1841 Words   |  8 Pagesshareholders and stakeholders that accounts mostly for difficulties in implementing CSR practices. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to dig deeper into above problems by presenting the definition of CSR and the importance of its role in international business along with the difficulties arising when implementing its practices on global scale, especially in Vietnam. What Is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)? Since it is a rising issue in worldwide businesses nowadays, the concept of social responsibilityRead More Workplace Violence Essay2488 Words   |  10 Pagesof workplace violence. Since 1992, violence among co-workers has averaged only about 6% of all work-related homicides. The rest are the result of robberies or other crimes. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, each year nearly one million individuals become victims of violent crime while working or on duty. Eight percent of all rapes, 7% of all robberies, and 16% of all assaults occur at work. Workplace violence accounts for 16% of the more than 6.5 million acts of violence experiencedRead MoreFoster Care Independence Act of 1999 Essay3122 Words   |  13 PagesFederal Government provided about $70 million per year to conduct programs for adolescents leaving foster care that are designed to help them establish independent living. Research and numerous reports from States conducting these programs indicate that adolescents leaving foster care do not fare well. As compared with other adolescents and young adults their age, they are more likely to quit school, to be unemployed, to be on welfare, to have mental health problems, to be parents outside marriageRead MoreEssay The System of Governance and Americans Rights and Liberties2375 Words   |  10 Pagesthe executive branch’s main responsibility is to oversee the laws being made by Congress and to enforce them. The executive branch consists of the president, the vice president, and the Cabinet. The legislative branch is in charge of creating and implementing legislation and exhibiting the power to declare war, as decided by Congress. The House of Representatives and the Senate make up Congress, which belongs to the legislative branch of government (whitehouse.gov). The judicial branch is responsible

Pathology, Perception, Medical, And Knowledge Development

Present time there are many diseases flourishing and that flourishing can be prohibit by the drugs and these drugs are designed, developed and prescribed by or under guidance of the doctors and these doctors are product of medical colleges after internship training. That is why medical interns are also known as future doctors. Pathology is fundamental need for a doctor in medical practice because pathology plays an important role in diagnosis of disease followed by treatment. There is a key role of department of pathology for skills and knowledge development in medical students. Skills and knowledge development are depends on the perception of medical students. Perception is always evaluated by the assessment during the course. There are two forms of assessments in medical education: formative and summative; and two types of examinations, one is theory examinations and other one is practical examinations. This study focused on the medical interns for Pathology about perception regard ing the types of theory questions and types of practical examinations done for formative and summative assessment in medical colleges of Northern India. KEYWORDS: Pathology, Perception, medical interns, type of theory questions, types of practical examinations, formative assessment, summative assessment. INTRODUCTION Incidences of different diseases have been proved the importance of medical education. These needs for medical education have undergone a considerable changeover globally in recentShow MoreRelatedThe Most Vital Functions Of The Nervous System1233 Words   |  5 Pagesis our lack of understanding for various pathways that play critical role in its pathophysiology. 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Inadvertently or not, Foucault seems to consider the structuralist status quo thatRead MorePrimary Care Providers ( Pcp )787 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals and in a patients understanding of risk perceptions and acceptance of genetic risk associated to LS cancers, as PCP support is influential in an individual’s ability to adjust to carrier status and acceptance of surveillance regimens (Marquez et al., 2013; Marzuillo et al., 2013). PCP’s knowledge of LS screening of patients with cancers in a health care delivery organizations can be instrumental in assessing of LS, implementation, and knowledge of collaborating with a genetic team in a patientsRead MoreThe Father of Medicine, Hippocrates, Changed the Perception of Medicine1633 Words   |  7 PagesBefore Hippocrates, the perception of medicine was very different. He was born in 460 BCE. He started scientific medicine. He was known as the father of medicine. Before Hippocrates, Greeks believed that Gods sent d isease and provoked death. 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There are 3 types of rapid response system, first and most called out being the Medical Emergency Team (MET) led by a doctor in charge, second is a critical care nurse leading a rapid response team (RRT) and the final one is the critical care outreach team who also provides care for discharged intensive care patients (Mitchell, SchatzRead MoreA Synthesis Of Learning Across Topics2233 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Science and Medical Ethics: A Synthesis of Learning Across Topics Introduction: Allan Brandt (1997: 2) in the book â€Å"Morality and health: Interdisciplinary Perspectives†, begins with the assertion that health and morality are â€Å"deeply and fundamentally entangled.† He is not alone in this view. 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The ACT Government acknowledges the

Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship Free Essays

string(512) " in his study that breadth of entrepreneurial xperiences significantly and directly influenced perceived feasibility, In literature it is carefully reviewed that entrepreneur’s intentions reveal a very few piratical support such as \(Krueger and Dickson, 1994\), analyzed that in risky situation self efficacy of those entrepreneurs are high influence high level of perception, if feasibility is high then entrepreneurs intention is more to start a new business and desire to invest more and more in business\." Information Management and Business Review Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship or any similar topic only for you Order Now 30-34, Jan 2012 (ISSN 2220-3796) Impact of Culture on Entrepreneur Intention Syed Imran Sajjad1, *Haroon Shafi1, Aasim Munir Dad2 1Iqra university Islamabad campus 2University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan *haroonshafi4@gmail. com Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to identify the role of entrepreneurship in Pakistan. After reviewing the literature, researchers identify those predictors who influence the entrepreneur’s intention with the help of socio cognitive model. National culture of a country influences the entrepreneur’s intention to start new business. Perceived feasibility, perceived desirability and entrepreneurs experience has a direct impact on entrepreneur’s intention. The study finds out the impact of culture on entrepreneur intention, different cultures have different ways to influence the entrepreneur intention and different ways to impact on intentions towards perceived feasibility and perceived desirability . The study helps entrepreneur’s decision making process and also helps out the development of further new business in Pakistan, motivates students to become entrepreneurs and analyzes their feasibility and desirability. Culture varies from country to country, within country different provinces, how different cultures, different traditions, norms and values. So in future, it helps to analyze entrepreneur’s intention in different cultures. Key words: Pakistan’s society, Entrepreneurship, entrepreneur’s experience, culture 1. Introduction Entrepreneur is an individual who runs a business with new idea or adding value in existing idea entrepreneur is a creator, risk taker who brings change in environment, with the help of technology, effective organization trained employees, and gets maximum benefit. A good leader is that, who manage all these activities on continuous bases. This is the study of an individual who starts new business. In this paper researchers analyze the entrepreneurial intention how entrepreneur is being motivate to starts new business, the relationship between entrepreneur intention with their experienced and relationship between desirability that influences the entrepreneur intention, study also analyze the affect of national culture on entrepreneur intention as well as entrepreneurial activity for development nd underdevelopment countries. Different aspects of human behavior but the one predictor intention plays an important role (Ajzen, 1991) when individual starts new business than an economic activity starts than circulation of money starts ultimately growth of country starts according to Romer(1994) due to entrepreneur investment in new venture long term growth of country starts. According to Mitchell et al (2002) for starting a new business many factors influence entrepreneur intention like desirability, feasibility, and entrepreneurial experience, but it varies culture to culture and nation to nation, within country culture varies, researchers are still unclear, the over all impacts of culture in entrepreneur intention, Every country has its own culture, its values, norms and beliefs that affects the entrepreneurial intention, at some stages the culture plays an important role in decision making. Now a day’s private sector plays a vital role in economic development, in private sector small business owners have various opportunities to start new venture. The policies of government are important for entrepreneurs, but only development of policies is not sufficient, their implementation is also mandatory to attract investor to invest in business, small and medium enterprises some time not going well due to lack of knowledge and infrastructure. This paper is conceptual in nature and focuses that how entrepreneurs motivate to start a new venture especially in the context of culture. 2. Literature Review 30 Entrepreneurial intention: Entrepreneurial intent to begin an innovative enterprise, in literature different researchers suggested the importance of entrepreneur intent such as (Shapero Sokol, 1982; Shapero, 1975; Krueger, 1993; Bird, 1988; Krueger et al. , 2000). Some researchers including (Bird, 1988) identified entrepreneur individual nature, skill, experience the same as social desirability and personal feasibility. Different Researchers recommended including (Shane, 2003), that: the existence of an entrepreneurial possibility; its identification by the entrepreneur; and the conscious decision of the entrepreneur to be aware of that chance, are between the mandatory steps required in the entrepreneurial process. Cristina and Dwayne (2009) saw the effect of entrepreneur intention in Caribbean and the found out the link among entrepreneur intention, desirability, and feasibility and suggested that culture acted as moderator to influence the entrepreneur’s intention. After reviewing literature it has been seen that there is linked between desirability perception and entrepreneur intention to begin a new venture, Krueger (1993) practiced Shapiro’s theoretical model and suggested that there is a positive impact of perceived desirability on entrepreneur intention (Krueger et al. , 2000). For better understanding of different indicators and the impact of these indicators on entrepreneur (Krueger et al. 2000) suggested that attitude of entrepreneur varies for every exogenous facet that affects entrepreneur intention to become entrepreneur. P1. Perceived desirability will directly influence entrepreneurial intentions. The study analyzed that perceived feasibility and perceived desirability are decided by exogenous facet for example individual and conditional facets disclosure to entrepreneur experiences that studied as exogenous facets, all these observation manipulate entrepreneur intentions. According to (Bandura, 1994) self-efficacy is an emotional and thinking process. In this, model the two predictor perceived feasibility and desirability act as mediators the both predictors influence entrepreneur experience. This paper is extensions of social cognitive process model that analyzed to identify, save, and recover the information ultimately take suitable action (Frese and Zapf, 1994). For entrepreneur information any resource is very important, to identify that information and take proper action. Cristina and Dwayne (2009) argued that perceived feasibility and desirability has direct impact on entrepreneur intention and also there is a direct relationship between entrepreneur experience and intention, entrepreneur, experience plays an important role, experience influences the intention, due to experience their performance increase, experience motivated towards risk taking for new venture . Due to entrepreneur expertise that is gained from previous experience makes strategies more effective (Zhao et al. 2005). It has been argued that feasibility perceptions regarding entrepreneurship are influenced by prior exposure to entrepreneurial experiences. For example, (Shapero and Sokol, 1982) contended that prior exposure to entrepreneurial activity would have a positive effect on perceptions of feasibility (and perceived desirability). Krueger (1993) demonstrated in his study that breadth of entrepreneurial xperiences significantly and directly influenced perceived feasibility, In l iterature it is carefully reviewed that entrepreneur’s intentions reveal a very few piratical support such as (Krueger and Dickson, 1994), analyzed that in risky situation self efficacy of those entrepreneurs are high influence high level of perception, if feasibility is high then entrepreneurs intention is more to start a new business and desire to invest more and more in business. You read "Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship" in category "Essay examples" A supportive culture also influences the entrepreneur’s intention, with his social and moral values and belief. P2. Perceived Feasibility will directly Impact on entrepreneurial intentions P3. Entrepreneur experience has a direct Impact on entrepreneurial intentions 31 Figure 1: Model Culture Perceived Feasibility Entrepreneurial Experience Entrepreneurial Intentions Perceived Desirability Culture: It recommends that the culture is most effective constant for entrepreneur. Good cultural values also influence the entrepreneur intention. The appropriateness, consistency, effectiveness, (ACE) model of persuasion (Reardon et al. , 1989) three main thought of culture Importance, stability, efficiency. Culture includes some social, moral ethical values norms and beliefs that must be socially acceptable (Hofstede, 1980). This extends society think about those values norms and beliefs. Normally, researchers analyzed that culture facilitated the entrepreneurship because of high individuality, low ambiguity, and low in power remoteness, and high intention for commencement of new business. Hayton et al. , 2002, p. 34). National culture has a moderating effect on entrepreneur intention (Fernandez et al. , 1997), George and Prabhu, 2000) P4. culture of a country has a significant effect on entrepreneur intention. 3. Discussion The present study examines the role of entrepreneurial intention in Pakistan and how culture affects the entrepreneurial intention. This model is based on Shapero and Sokol (1982) and tested by Krueger (1 993). Later on Dwayne Devonish, et. l (2009) investigates the effect of entrepreneur intention in Caribbean; In Caribbean Governments are familiar with the need to expand the structure and change the mechanism in provinces and encourage the entrepreneurship. This present study sees the effect of culture in entrepreneurial intention in Pakistani society. Now – a – day’s instability of government is not helpful for entrepreneur to invest. Government policies are also significantly affecting the entrepreneur intention. This model indicates that entrepreneurial experience has a direct and positive relationship with perceived desirability and perceived feasibility. The entrepreneurial intention plays an importance role for starting new venture, past experience influence their decisions the model shows the direct relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial experience. This model recommends that the entrepreneur’s experiences acts as a key function to influence the intention of an individual to become entrepreneur linked with the previous point of view and research (Shapero and Sokol, 1982). According to Krueger et al (2000) experience influences the entrepreneur intention, there is also a direct relationship between entrepreneur’s experience on perceived feasibility and perceived desirability, feasibility and desirability existing in environment that influence the entrepreneur’s experience, so perceived feasibility and perceived desirability partially mediates entrepreneurs experiences and entrepreneurs intentions. Entrepreneurs experience directly influences the entrepreneur’s intention to start a new venture. 2 The other two indicators perceived feasibility and desirability mediated the entrepreneurial experience towards entrepreneurial intention. In this paper, we see the impact of culture on entrepreneurial intentions and his experience, how values and norms of a culture affect entrepreneurial decision in Pakistani society, different cultures have their own values traditions and norms, many small and medium size organizations have different impa ct on culture. Mark-Pruett et al. 2008) suggest that national culture of a country is directly linked with entrepreneur intention. Culture is shared values, norms, traditions rules beliefs, and anticipated behaviors of people. Cultural values and beliefs specify the level to which society judges’ entrepreneurial behaviors, such as innovation, perceived feasibility, risk taking, independent thinking and perceived desirable. Managerial implication: The study also helps managers to understand the impact of culture on entrepreneurial intentions and experience. The other motivating research would be to arrange a relative research for the service firms in different markets. A good culture influences entrepreneurial intention ultimately its performance increases and firm grows. A good supportive culture is helpful for the development of the organization, Government policies must be stable and supportive for new investors, banks also play important role for giving them loan on low interest rates, and all these aspects attract the entrepreneur intentions to start a new venture. Limitation and Recommendation: The study finds out the impact of culture on entrepreneur intention, different cultures have different ways to influence the entrepreneur intention and different ways to impact on intentions towards perceived feasibility and perceived desirability. It is difficult to sketch the conclusion, because in both streams of researches, it is difficult to measure lack of agreement and lack of clearness. In conclusion, we can say that the involvement of culture and its influence on entrepreneurial intentions helps entrepreneur to take decision. The regular support is education that increases entrepreneurial performance and efficiency. It is suggested that the education system in universities and colleges should help to improve the skill and knowledge of students regarding entrepreneurship, and also focus the students attention to find out the their desirability and feasibility in the field on entrepreneurship, conducting seminar on entrepreneurship allow entrepreneurs to share the experience with students and motivate them. Danns and Mentore (1995) suggested that â€Å"entrepreneurial experience† helps the students to develop positive attitude and approach to start a new venture. . Conclusion and Future Research Finally, entrepreneurship is a key factor for the development of any country. The current study focuses on the entrepreneur’s intention, national culture of a country influences the entrepreneur’s intention, perceived feasibility, and desirability and entrepreneurial experience directly influenc e the intention of any individual to start a new business. This study only emphasizes only Pakistani culture, and culture related policies and their implementation. In future research scholar will focus on one aspect of culture or one particular area. Culture varies country to country. Appropriate scale should be developed to empirically examine relations among above model. References Ajzen, I. (1991). Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(1), 179-211. Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy, in Ramachaudran, V. S. (Ed. ). Encyclopedia of Human Behavior Academic Press, 4, 71-81. Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intentions. Academy of Management Review, 13, 442-449. Cristina, J. Dwayne, D. (2009). An exploratory study of competitive strategies among hotels in a small developing Caribbean state. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(4), 491 – 500. Danns, G. K. Mentore, M. M. (1995). Race and economic power in Guyana: a study of the East Indians, in Ryan, S. and Stewart, T. (Eds), Entrepreneurship in the Caribbean: Culture, Structure, Conjuncture, University of the West Indies, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Trinidad and Tobago. 33 Fernandez, D. R. , Carlson, D. S. , Stepina, L. P. Nicholson, J. D. (1997). Hofstede’s country classification 25 years later. Journal of Social Psychology, 137(1), 43-54. Frese, M. Zapf, D. (1994). Action as the core of work psychology, in Trandis, H. C. , Dunnette, M. D. and Hough, L. (Eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organ. George, G. Prabhu, G. (2000). Developmental financial institutions as catalysts of Entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Academy of Management Review, 25, 620-30. Hayton, J. C. , George, G. Zahara, S. A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: a review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 33-53. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA. Krueger, N. Dickson, P. R. (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decision Sciences, 25(3), 385-400. Krueger, N. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 3, 5-21. Krueger, N. , Reilly, M. Carsrud, A. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(2), 411-32. Mark-Pruett, R. , Bryan, T. , Francisco, L. Jerry, F. (2008). International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research, 15(6), 571-594. Mitchell, R. , Smith, J. B. , Morsem, E. A. , Seawright, K. , Peredo, A. M. McKenzie, B. (2002). Are entrepreneurial cognitions universal? Assessing entrepreneurial cognitions across cultures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 9-32. Reardon, T. , Crawford, E. Kelly, V. (1989). Link between nonfarm income and farm investment in Africa households: Adding the capital marketing perspective. American journal of Agriculture Economics, 76 (5), 172-179. Romer, P. (1994). The origins of endogenous growth. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(1), 3-22. Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Shapero, A. (1975). The displaced, uncomfortable entrepreneur, Psychology Today, 9(11), 83-8. Shapero, A. Sokol, L. (1982). Some social dimensions of entrepreneurship in Kent, C. (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 72-90. Zhao, H. , Hills, G. E. Siebert, S. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272. 34 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. How to cite Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship, Essay examples

Leadership The Role of Strategic Leadership

Question: Describe about the Leadership for The Role of Strategic Leadership. Answer: Introduction This report introduces the evaluation of leadership of a leader belonging to the 21st century. The example used for the evaluation is of a family member of the author who runs a small business on import and export of electronic apparatus with ten employees. The report gives a clear and concise description of the business owner as a leader along with his organisation. It also gives the description of the industry where the business owners organisation actually belongs and the situation or context on which the business is based. The report also makes the evaluation of the leadership on the basis of leadership theories and concepts. A further discussion has been made in the subsequent sections stating that if the author was in the position of the business owner, how differently he would have acted to make a stronger impact on his followers and the situation. Some recommendations have been added to make the overall situation better. Discussion Description of the leader and his organisation along with the industry In the given report, Mr. Thomas Lee, is the business owner of the Singapore based small import and export company, Lee Co. He is a family member of the author. His company deals with import and export of various electronic apparatus such as musical instruments, editing set up and studio appliances (Aziz et al. 2013). Mr. Lee is running the business for last ten years. Currently he is having ten staffs including the accountant, the business development officer, the purchase officer, HR executive, system administrator, store manager, three shop sales person and one delivery boy. Mr. Lee has started this sole proprietorship in the year 2006 with two staffs and after 10 years he has expanded the business with ten employees (Agyapong and Boamah 2013). Unless, an effective and efficient level of leadership was there by Mr. Lee, it was impossible for him to carry on a business in a progressive way for a decade. Initially, there was no such shop of Mr Lee in Singapore and he collected orders for studio appliances directly from his clients in the city (Hwang 2013). He used to visit in the countries of Japan, China and South Korea with his two staffs to purchase the products ordered and sold them to his clients in a good profit margin. Later, he communicated to his clients and vendors through internet and phone and led his staffs to buy and sell the electronic equipments in behalf of him. More profit margins led to motivation of expanding the business through increasing the number of clients, vendors and staffs (Rothaermel 2015). Therefore, through an efficient leadership on the staffs and business, Mr. Lee was able to come to a position where he could establish a shop in Singapore where inventory of the imported electronic instruments can be maintained. He was there in the position to deliver the products to the clients within the required time frame as he had ample products in hand in his shop. Being a leader, Mr. Lee guided his team to administrate the business integrally starting from the import and export operations to the order and delivery management in the shop (Landis, Hill and Harvey 2014). Such a good leadership created a good brand image of the company resulting to generation of new clients in other nations. The organisation that Mr. Lee owns was established in the year 2006, in the name of Lee and Co. with two staffs. Those two staffs worked with Mr. Lee to collect the orders of the electronic equipments from the clients in Singapore and purchased those equipments from the wholesalers at South Korea, Japan and China (Lee 2013). As the business grew further through increase in profit margin and number of clients in the city as well as abroad, Mr. Lee felt the need to hire more staffs and establish a shop to maintain inventory of the items. He opened the shop in the year 2009 and hired more staffs to make good administration of the business. Since 2011, there were all over ten staffs working in the organisation, who have the aim to make an effective coordination with the clients and vendors to enhance the business performance. The industry in which the organisation works are the studios and music workstations located in Singapore and other nations (Howell 2013). Those studios actually make programs for the entertainment for their audience. Due to such reason, demand of editing set ups, musical instruments always exist for those clients. As there are been diversified programs made keeping in mind of the taste and preferences of the audiences in various countries, a constant requirement of the innovative electronic equipments always prevailed in the industry (Das 2015). Such demand eventually helped to prosper a business like Lee and Co. which deals with import and export of such products. The overall situation has actually become favourable for expansion of the business. At the current stage, there is a constant requirement from the clients, both in the city and other nations for the purpose of developmental work in their studios (Miner 2015). Due to such reasons, the company has to make a better management of its order collection, purchase, inventory and delivery. Mr. Lee has provided effective guidance to his team members so that the whole process can be streamlined resulting to optimum level of output. Evaluation of the leader on the basis of leadership theories and concepts There are several theories and concepts which provides the explanation of leadership. It includes the naturalistic theories, functional leadership theories, situational leadership theories, autocratic and participative leadership theories, transactional and transformational leadership and the theories of moral leadership (McCleskey 2014). The naturalistic theory consists of the trait theories which states that leaders are born and not made. The trait theory explains that certain extraordinary personality traits make the identification of those people who have the potential to be great leaders. The functional theories are been prepared on the basis of various assumptions (Frost 2016). Those theories are based on the leaders actions, which is termed as action based leadership. The functional theories does not support for dealing with changes. Adaptation and changes are best handled by the situational leadership. Such a good model to handle the varied situations is the Hersey Blanchard model of leadership (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House 2013). The model actually is concerned with the identification of the willingness and ability to deal with the varying situations and determination of the best leadership style. The autocratic leadership has the tendency for making decisions and imposing it to others. Such leaders has the belief that they are been placed for making the decisions and their followers are there for accepting their leadership (Singh 2015). In participative leadership, leaders make consultation with their followers or involve them to make decisions. Such decisions are been made through demonstration of consideration and showing respect to other people. The participative leadership actually makes the development of the other people and prepares the support in all the directions. The transactional theory of leadership is been developed on the exchanges between the leader and his follower (Sadeghi et al. 2013). It provides the assumption that the relationship regarding work is the one factor where the leader makes the issuance of the work, makes criticism, gives punishment and give rewards to his followers. In such model, the followers have a very low responsibility other than performing about what they are needed. The theory is applied for the case of jobs which require a very low skill (Youssef and Luthans 2012). The procedures in such segments have a clear definition and a nominal change is required. In transformational leadership, change is the ultimate bottom line. The leaders in such model provide inspiration to their subordinates for following a vision. They generally make the opportunities for the people for showing the flair and taking responsibilities for latest ideas (Clarke 2013). In such cases, the leaders become very much charismatic and extrovert. The transformational leaders always have the vision of the bigger picture. The transformational leadership is in generally much more applicable in case of situations which are frequently changing. In moral leadership, people tend to make approaches to create the world a better place to stay through a proper care for the environment and being true in their vision. In the case of Lee and Co., Mr. Lee has always made a practice of participative leadership. From the initial stage to the present, he always made verbal consultations with his staffs regarding decision making (Du et al. 2013). He took opinions from his staffs regarding choosing the wholesaler shops in the East Asian countries from where they purchased the order items. The staffs provided suggestions to him for purchasing the electronic equipments from those shops where maximum amount of discounts were provided. Mr. Lee also made decisions regarding payment mode from the clients on the basis of consultation with his staffs (Aydin, Sarier and Uysal 2013). Moreover, further hiring of staffs, establishment of shop, segmentation of departments, generation of more clients in the other nations, implementation of online porta l for making transactions, every incidents took place on the basis of good amount of involvement by the staffs. The main theme that lies behind all such incidents are that the main thought process always take place in the mind of Mr. Lee (Wang et al. 2013). But at certain cases, he did not become very much sure about the outcomes of a decision. Due to such reasons, he always given authority to his employees to participate in active manner for verbal consultations and provide suggestions for solving an issue. Therefore, the style of leadership of Mr. Lee was very mild to his followers. His behaviour was always very friendly to them so that they can have the zeal and motivation to suggest the best solution for him (Hamidifar 2015). The personality trait of Mr. Lee permitted to provide space for his employees regarding elaborating their opinions. The attitude of participative leadership style always gave the authority to the followers, therefore the employees to make the actions done on the basis of their justifications. In such leadership style, power has been given to the followers to some extent for supporting their leader through active participation and involvement for making decisions starting from the initial stage to the present. Discussion on leading the situation differently as a leader If the opportunity was given to the author to lead the situation as a leader, he would have acted as the transformational leader (Wang et al. 2013). As the business of Lee Co. is of electronic equipments, therefore the demand of the equipments are constantly changing. Therefore to stay competitive in the market, the company has to be innovative in their business strategies. Such strategies may not be possible to implement by the leader through his own thought process. Therefore, the leader will give responsibilities to his employees to make strategic moves based on their own thought process (Aydin, Sarier and Uysal 2013). Therefore, development of strategies can be built for the improvement of the performance of each department of the company by their respective personnel who have the ample expertise in their domain. Such leadership will definitely motivate the followers as they will have a sense of feeling that they have the sole authority to utilise their thought process to improve their work resulting to enhanced performance (Du et al. 2013). The accounts professional will innovate new procedure to prepare balance sheets and profit and loss statement, the business development officer will make new online marketing strategies to attract new clients, the store manager will make newer strategies through promoting new offers for effectively satisfying the customers coming to the shop, the counter sales people will make strategies to greet their customers in a better speech so that it can create a good impact in their mind resulting to repeated footfalls. The delivery people will make strategies for shortest path calculation so that a timely delivery of the ordered items and collection of cash can be done in a far better way (Clarke 2013). Therefore, starting from the ground level execution to the upper level management, each and every professional will be given the authority to create the strategy in their own. It will definitely have a stronger impact on the followers as it will create the flexibility in them to create plans and execute them to make the situation better. Such a huge authority will make the followers to stay committed to their organisation in a long run. The transformational leadership will make the overall situation to be very much improved as each and every person associated with the organisation make the strategies to enhance the overall quality level of the business performance (Youssef and Luthans 2012). Integration of all those strategies actually formulates the ultimate set up which leads to prosperity. Therefore, it actually builds an enormous potential for the company to flourish to the fullest extent in the competitive market. An effective integration will take place between the departments resulting to a huge satisfaction among the employees. Conclusion In the above discussion, it has been stated that, Thomas Lee, being the owner of Lee Co. has adopted participative style of leadership from the starting of his business of importing and exporting electronic apparatus. He had started the business ten years back with two employees and currently running it through a shop with an online portal for purchase. He has achieved a good progress in his business in terms of revenue earned. The company has expanded its business to other countries where it is exporting its products. Mr. Lee has given space to his employees for providing suggestions to make decisions regarding business progress. But in certain scenario, the employees can have lack of knowledge in the domain they work. Therefore, there may be gaps in making the plans for refinement of the business process which can create obstructions in the progress. From the above discussions, it can be concluded that if the leader follows the recommended steps given below then the company can re ach the optimum point of success with an enhanced brand image in the near future. Recommendations The recommended options for the business owner Mr. Lee is as follows, Hiring external experts for verbal consultations The business owner should hire external professional who have ample experience and expertise in the domain of the business of electronic apparatus. Such professionals can help Mr. Lee to fix the loopholes in the business strategies so that the overall performance can be improved to the optimum level. Reduction of cultural barriers among the employees The business owner should make frequent parties with their employees to encourage respect among them so that the cultural barriers become reduced among them resulting to development of a friendly relationship resulting to better work. Increasing business network through social networking site The business owner should concentrate to develop a profile of their organisation in the social networking site such as Facebook to increase the business network with their vendors and clients. He should participate in making online promotions to create awareness among the target audience so that they become more eager to buy the products available. Effective utilisation of the revenue generated The business owner should perform a detailed market research to know the recent trends through effective investment of the revenue earned so that they can deal with the products which are in demand and can reject those products which have become obsolete. References Agyapong, A. and Boamah, R.B., 2013. Business strategies and competitive advantage of family hotel businesses in Ghana: The role of strategic leadership.Journal of Applied Business Research,29(2), p.531. Aydin, A., Sarier, Y. and Uysal, S., 2013. The Effect of School Principals' Leadership Styles on Teachers' Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction.Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice,13(2), pp.806-811. Aziz, R.A., Abdullah, M.H., Tajudin, A. and Mahmood, R., 2013. The effect of leadership styles on the business performance of SMEs in Malaysia.International Journal of Economics Business and Management Studies,2(2), pp.45-52. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Clarke, S., 2013. Safety leadership: A metaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,86(1), pp.22-49. Das, S.C., 2015. Emerging socio-cultural perspectives of implicit leadership theories related to Indo-Pak enterprises.The Business Management Review,6(5), p.51. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A. and Sen, S., 2013. The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), pp.155-169. Frost, D.E., 2016. Development Of Implicit Leadership Theories Prior To Training Or Employment.Journal of Applied Business Research,32(2), p.555. Hamidifar, F., 2015. A study of the relationship between leadership styles and employee job satisfaction at Islamic Azad University branches in Tehran, Iran. Howell, J.P., 2013.Snapshots of great leadership(Vol. 2). Routledge. Hwang, K.K., 2013. Confucian and Legalist Basis of Leadership and Business Ethics. InHandbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics(pp. 1005-1026). Springer Netherlands. Landis, E.A., Hill, D. and Harvey, M.R., 2014. A synthesis of leadership theories and styles.Journal of Management Policy and Practice,15(2), p.97. Lee, M.R., 2013.Leading virtual project teams: Adapting leadership theories and communications techniques to 21st century organizations. CRC Press. McCleskey, J.A., 2014. Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Sadeghi, J., Yadollahi, M., Baygi, M.D. and Ghayoomi, A., 2013. Approaches on leadership theories.Journal of American Science,9(1), pp.172-177. Singh, M.K., 2015. A Conceptual Study on Leadership Theories and Styles of Managers with the special emphasis on Transformational Leadership Style.International Journal,3(10), pp.748-756. Wang, A.C., Chiang, J.T.J., Tsai, C.Y., Lin, T.T. and Cheng, B.S., 2013. Gender makes the difference: The moderating role of leader gender on the relationship between leadership styles and subordinate performance.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,122(2), pp.101-113. Youssef, C.M. and Luthans, F., 2012. Positive global leadership.Journal of World Business,47(4), pp.539-547.

Channels of Distribution Essay Example

Channels of Distribution Essay In the unsure fluctuating market of today. it is indispensable for a company to keep on and face those uncertainnesss in order to last. Consumers can be an assistance for a company’s endurance. thereby it is indispensable for consumers to acquire the goods of a company whenever and nevertheless they need them. Here is where distribution channels come in and give manus. Channels of distribution are the different waies that goods passed through in traveling from the manufacturer to the consumer . ( Meyer et al. 1988 ) . With the aid of distribution channels. companies are able to get the better of the clip. topographic point and ownership spreads that separate goods and services from the consumers. As said by Aaker ( 1984 ) . entree to an effectual and efficient selling channel is frequently a cardinal success factor. However. in this competitory epoch. an apprehension of the alternate distribution channels and the tendencies in their comparative importance can be of strategic importance for any company. For illustration. the growing and importance can be of a ego service retail gasolene Stationss and the comparing growing in the importance of convenience shops such as the 7/11 concatenation in gasolene retailing has strategic significance to petroleum companies and distributers every bit good as to houses in nutrient retailing ( illustration adapted from Aaker. 1984 ) . Additionally. because of competition. deriving distribution in some industries can be highly hard and dearly-won. Nowadays. even big. established houses have problem obtaining infinite on the supermarkets shelves for merchandises with significant marketing budgets. We will write a custom essay sample on Channels of Distribution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Channels of Distribution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Channels of Distribution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As said by Kotler and Armstrong ( 2001 ) . members of the selling or distribution perform several maps such as supplying information for the company. promotes their goods and services. have contacts with purchasers. fiting purchasers inevitably. every bit good as negotiate monetary values so that goods can be transferred. Some other maps include physical distribution. funding and hazard pickings. There are two types of marketing systems. They are conventional distribution channels and perpendicular selling system. Conventional Distribution Channel Harmonizing to Kotler and Armstrong ( 2001 ) . a conventional distribution channel is a channel consisting of one or more independent manufacturers. jobbers. and retail merchants. each a separate concern seeking to maximise its ain net incomes even at the disbursal of net incomes for the system as a whole. In this instance. mediators operate independently or enter into some signifier of agreements with providers and other mediators. Furthermore. a conventional channel web tends to be fragmented because makers. jobbers and retail merchants bargain sharply with each other over the monetary values and others. Since channel members are detached and acts independently. none of them has much control over the other members. For illustration. in a conventional distribution channel. makers. distributers and retail merchants act independently so the makers as the manufacturer of the goods. cant decide anything for the other members. Lashkar-e-Taibas say. on what monetary value should the distributers and retail merchants sell. where should they sell. etc. the makers or the other members has no formal authorization over each other. Furthermore. in a conventional distribution channel. many struggles may happen since there is the absence of a formal contract and besides in most instances. their ends and purposes differ. Another failing of a conventional distribution system is that each and every member tries to harvest a batch of net incomes in order to prosecute their ain corporate aims. This may do drawbacks for the system as each independent house shows small concern for overall channel public presentation. Vertical Marketing System Harmonizing to Evangelista. et Al ( 1984 ) . an betterment over the conventional selling system. is the incorporate selling system which may be perpendicular or horizontal. A perpendicular selling system is a web of two or more degrees of channel members as in the instance of agreement between makers and jobbers. jobbers and retail merchants or between a maker and a figure of jobbers and retailers ( Evangelista et al. 1984 ) . So here. all the members act as a individual incorporate system. To exemplify the statement above. let’s take an illustration of a author. This author writes his ain books. owns the publication company that publishes the book. creates a web site that promotes his books. has a selling company that advertise and markets his books and he besides handles the distribution and transportation of the concluding merchandise. Here it is clear that the writer is cognizant of all the procedures of bring forthing the book and is able to command all the elements. This can be good for the company because if in instance a job occurs in any country. he can rapidly undertake it. He knows when the books are traveling to be printed. when and where it is to be shipped. etc and will e cognizant of any exigency originating. In this instance. we can see that the author is more informed and more efficient instead than holding to cover with publishing houses. agents. shippers. etc. ( illustration adapted from World Wide Web. smalltownmarketing. com ) There are three types of Vertical selling system. They are corporate. contractual and administered perpendicular selling systems. Kotler and Armstrong. ( 2001 ) defines corporate perpendicular selling system as a perpendicular selling system that combines consecutive provinces of production and distribution under individual ownership – channel leading is established through common ownership. In other words. it is a group of companies executing different undertakings under one ownership. Contractual perpendicular selling system. harmonizing to Kotler. et Al ( 1999 ) . consists of independent houses at different degrees of production and distribution incorporating their plan on a contractual footing to obtain more economic systems or gross revenues impact than they could accomplish entirely. They usually join together to harvest net incomes every bit good as to increase efficiency in the company. Administered perpendicular selling system coordinates phases of production and distribution through the size and power of one of the parties ( Kotler. et al 1999 ) . In other words. whoever wields the most economic power within the group can coerce greater cooperation and support from other members of the group. Comparison between Conventional Distribution Channel And Vertical Marketing System Conventional and perpendicular selling systems are two wholly different type of distribution system. Many companies presents prefer to follow perpendicular selling system instead than the conventional 1. This is because perpendicular selling system is much more good for companies and the conventional system is outdated additions redundancies for companies. Now let us see the difference of the two channels and comparison for which one is better and good for organisations today. Comparison Conventional distribution Channel -Channel members are independently owned -Unstructured distribution channel -No contract or understandings available -Lacks in leading -Many struggles might easy originate -Weak or hapless public presentation -Any errors or defects effects merely the company Vertical Marketing System -Channel members act as a incorporate system -Structured distribution channel -May have contracts or understandings for this agreement -One member exercising strong ( frequently formal ) leading -Helps manage struggle -Improves public presentation -May be forced into agreements by power derived function between members As we can see from the tabular array above. in the conventional channel members are independently owned whereas in the perpendicular selling system. all the members act as an incorporate system. This is good for a company because the can minimise costs and at the same clip earn grosss. The conventional distribution channel are unstructured whereas in perpendicular selling system it is decently structured. therefore makes it easier for a company to administer their merchandise and services. There is no contract whatsoever between the members of the channel because they are all self-acting and non bonded by any contract. On the other manus. in the perpendicular selling system. contract and understandings are needed for the agreement of this type of marketing channel peculiarly in a contractual perpendicular selling system. Additionally. there is a strong presence of leading in perpendicular selling system as one member exercising formal leading. Hence there is proper control of the activities. Whereas in the conventional channel of distribution. there is deficiency of leading in the channel. Furthermore. due to confusion. struggles and jobs may originate in a conventional distribution channel because of deficiency of control and leading. On the other manus. in a perpendicular selling system. the coordination among the members of the channel helps to pull off struggles that may originate. Furthermore. this can besides better public presentation of the whole selling system. Whereas conventional distribution channel has a weak public presentation due to struggles and deficiency of leading. In my sentiment. from the above comparing of both the channels. it is clear that perpendicular selling system. if practiced decently. will be really advantageous and can supply economic systems of graduated table to any company which adopts it. Mentions Aaker. D. A. ( 1998 ) . Strategic Market Management. John Wiley A ; Sons. Inc. . USA. Kotler. P. et Al ( 1999 ) . Marketing Management – An Asiatic Position. Prentice Hall. Inc. USA. Kotler. P. and Armstrong. G. ( 2001 ) . Principles of Marketing. Prentice Hall. USA. Evangelista. F. U. et Al ( 1984 ) . Principles of Marketing Management. National Book Store. Inc. . Philippines. Meyer. W. G. et Al ( 1988 ) . Retail Selling. McGraw Hill. USA. World Wide Web. smalltownmarketing. com. entree day of the month: 4th December. 2003

The Chrysalids essays

The Chrysalids essays The novel, The Chrysalids, is a book based on the despair of our society in the past, present, and future. Throughout the story, we are discouraged by the way in which man treats his own kind. Before the story begins, their society originated from a nuclear war in which most of the world's population was destroyed. The people now refer this to "Tribulation". This effectively summarizes man's eternal fight with himself. Man does not know where to stop, even if it means almost destroying the earth. Much of this has to do with differences. And many of these differences are just physical or even spiritual. Any difference than what you are use to, often brings out a destructive side of humans. We often only want to accept "normal" people into our own society. The Chrysalids is a story that has much to do with this despicable, but commonly seen nature of humans. "And god created man in his own image. And God decreed that man should have one body, one head, two arms and two legs; that each arm be jointed in two places and end in one hand; that each hand should have four fingers and one thumb; that each finger should bear a flat finger-nail..." and so on went the affirmation that all heard every Sunday at church. Any difference from this was an abomination and a blasphemy before God who had fashioned man in his own image and must be dealt with immediately before the evil could spread. David, the main character, soon learned to what extent his society would go in these cases. In most cases, these blasphemes would be sterilized and sent into the fringes, a desolate place where nothing seemed normal. This showed just how much mankind could not handle any difference in appearance. David's best friend Sophie had just one extra toe. David could not see the harm in one extra toe, and that lead him to doubt his societies laws and beliefs. When Sop hie gets sent into the fringes, near the beginning of the novel, the re ...

Common Law 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Common Law 2 - Essay Example Another relevant aspect is regarding provision of goods and services in that there is an implied clause in the Sale of goods and services that the products or services sold are of satisfactory quality and shall be suitable for the purpose for which it has been purchased. Besides, in this case it is believed that the buyer, Abigail, had relied on the skill and knowledge of the seller, Cable Fast, but ultimately, the services could not meet the needs of the buyer. Further, she had also informed Cablefast that she actually needed superfast broadband because she was a movie buff and a busy film critic, and yet there has been lowered degree of service provision by the internet service provider, Cable Fast. Further, in this case, it is important to note that Cable Fast owes the buyer, Abigail, a duty of care. In the 1964 landmark case of Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465, this issue arouse, especially under circumstances under which one party placed trust and reliance on the pronouncements and actions of another. Although the bank had categorically disclaimed their responsibility in providing credential opinions, yet, the duty of care aspect was evident. In deciding this case, the judge observed, â€Å"I consider that it follows and that it should now be regarded as settled that if someone possessed of a special skill undertakes, quite irrespective of contract, to apply that skill for the assistance of another person who relies upon such skill, a duty of care will arise. The fact that the service is to be given by means of or by the instrumentality of words can make no difference.† (Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd: Judgment, 1964). Thus, the additional payment may not be enforceable, at the option of the buyer. In the case of exclusion clauses in contracts, it is necessary that contracting parties are

Ophthalmic Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Ophthalmic Care - Essay Example This is to distinguish the normal elevation of intraocular pressure seen in otherwise normal individuals. Measurement of intraocular pressure is thus one of the first completely new skills that a new ophthalmic nurse practitioner must master. Therefore, knowledge about it is important. Measurement of the intraocular pressure in a large number of normal subjects reveals a normal distribution extending from pressures of 10-12 mmHg to 25-28mmHg (Rossetti et al., 2008, 1053). The pattern of distribution fits a Gaussian curve, so that the majority of subjects have a pressure of about 16mmHg. For clinical purposes, it is necessary to set an arbitrary upper limit of normal. By and large, the eye can stand low pressures remarkably well, but when the pressure is abnormally high, the circulation of blood through the eye becomes jeopardised and serious damage can ensue. For clinical purposes, an upper level of 21 mmHg is often accepted. Above this level, suspicions are raised and further invest igations undertaken. Thus measurement of IOP is a significant initial clinical diagnostic step that determines further course of action in such patients (Collaer, Zeyen, and Caprioli, 2005, 196-200). Many nurses need to practice the skill of this measurement since accuracy is a very important parameter leading to the further steps in the ophthalmic care pathway. Rationale Now, the question is, why I have chosen measurement of intraocular pressure to demonstrate my skill as a new specialist nurse. Glaucoma is second only to cataract as a leading cause of global blindness and is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss, largely due to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). In 2002, it was estimated that 161 million individuals worldwide had visual impairment and 37 million were blind. Glaucoma accounted for 12.3% of global blindness, Bilateral blindness from glaucoma is projected to affect 8.4 million individuals worldwide by 2010 and greater than 11 million by 2020. Globally, glaucoma is a significant cause of vision loss that disproportionately affects women and Asians (Cedrone et al., 2008, 3-14). While increased IOP is a strong risk factor for the development of glaucoma, it must be remembered that many people with glaucoma have untreated IOPs of 21 mm Hg or less. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most important known risk factor for the development of POAG, and its reduction remains the only clearly proven treatment. Several studies have confirmed that reduction of IOP at any point along the spectrum of disease severity reduces progression (Bowling, Chen, and Salmon, 2005, 1102-1104). The Collaborative Normal Tension Glaucoma Study has revealed that IOP reduction reduces the development of POAG in patients with ocular hypertension and reduces progression in patients with glaucoma despite normal IOP (Anderson, and Normal Tension Glaucoma Study, 2003, 86-90). In the UK, as mentioned by Kroese et al. (2002), glaucoma is, indeed, the second most common cause of blindness as estimated from blindness certification. This accounts for 11.7% of all certifications. In the age group of

Network Infrastructure Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Network Infrastructure Planning - Research Paper Example With these services, only the user interface of some application is presented on the client machine. All input from client machine is purposely redirected to the application server where all the processing happens. Terminal services is a very well in place technology to provide services to remote offices since organizations are finding ways to reduce the cost of ownership by centrally deploying and managing windows based applications and remotely administering window server 2003- based computers. The services allow centrally deployment and management of windows based applications. This has the advantage that a company can ensure that all the computers are running the current version of application software since the software is installed once on the server instead of installing on each and every machine. This has the advantage of reducing the cost of installation and maintenance of such applications since it’s done once on a machine. Also such services reduce application suppo rt since its being done from one central server. This ensures a cost effective way of installation and maintenance of services within the different four remote offices. The issue of mirroring all application to the headquarters is reduced since the headquarters have all the information about the application used remotely by the offices. Since installation services are done mainly from the headquarters, then the cost incurred due to licensing and other costs of installation are just incurred once from the headquarters. This saves a lot of operation costs due to the reduced licensing costs. Costs like disk space usage are greatly reduced since this is mainly incurred from the server which runs all the applications. The issue of security when accessing sensitive files is up to standard since all security matters about who accesses what is controlled from the headquarters. The following are ideal situations where terminal services are mainly applied:- Hosting Line-of-Business Applicatio ns If an organization or some groups within the organization normally uses some specialized software to do their specialized work, it is always a good idea to host their applications using a terminal server. This is an ideal area to apply Terminal server. Terminal server can be used in the following situations: Custom applications.  If business application is developed internally, what is commonly referred to as in-house or specifically for your organization, and specifically tends to require updating frequently, deployment of the application once on a terminal server can greatly reduce the costs. This is especially important if your environment is actually dispersed or when you are deploying terminal server to centrally serve different offices. Large central data pool.  Applications that tend to rely on access to a central data source often run well on a terminal server because huge amounts of data do not necessarily travel across users for access. Instead the whole data proces sing is done on the server. Only the keystrokes and some display information have to travel across the specified network, which allows one to use lower bandwidth connections. This is especially important if users of that data pool are remotely located, for example in an office branch with a sluggish connection to database server. Task workers.  In setups where security is an issue and you want workers to mainly access only applications they have rights to access in order to perform their jobs, centralization of the

Group Culture Analysis: Narcotics Anonymous (NA) Meeting

Group Culture Analysis: Narcotics Anonymous (NA) Meeting Certificate in Drugs Counselling, Theory and Intervention Skills. Eamonn Keogh In this case study we will look at the inner workings of a group that I was involved in. This paper will be broken into four different sections. In the first section I will give a description of the group covering: the context; the setting; frequency and length of the group; finishing with a description of my role within the group. The second sections will identity the group culture. In this I will explain what the group norms and belief systems are. My feeling around being a member of this group will also be discussed in this section. The third section will be a reflection on the efficacy of the group. The main points in this section are what does/does not work well in the group and why; is the group addressing its task; what do I think could improve the group. In the final section I will be pointing out the key learnings I got for this module and how would I put this learning into practice. Description of the Group: The group being used in this case study is a step meeting of Narcotics Anonymous (NA). NA is an international community based organisation for recovering drug addicts. Na members learn from each other how to live a drug-free life and recover from the effects of addiction in their lives. NA’s primary approach to recovery is its belief in the therapeutic value of one addict helping another. Members take part in NA meetings by talking about their experiences and recovery from drug addiction. The NA programme is one of complete abstinence from all drugs, including alcohol. The only requirement for membership is the desire to stop using. The core of the NA programme is the twelve steps. These steps are a set of guidelines outlining a practical approach to recovery. Apart from the regular meetings there are also step meeting in the NA programme. I’m going to use the step meetings for this case study. The task of step meetings is to broaden its member’s knowledge of eac h of the twelve steps. The format of these groups is one step is covered each week starting with 1 finishing with 12. The meeting lasts one hour. The room is set out with all the chairs in a circle so each member is able to see each other. One benefit of this is that there is a sense of belonging and togetherness. A NA moto about why they are in a circle is â€Å"that no addict will stand alone.† At the start of the meeting one person will open up the meeting and give their experience, strength and hope around the particular step being covered that night. This opening is called a ‘chair’. The person that gives the chair is someone that has completed this step previously and has in excess of six months clean time. The chair will last up to 15min long. When the chair is finished the other members of the group will share their experiences and knowledge of the step or identify with what the person giving the chair said. This ties in nicely with the ethos of NA that o ne member helping another. I have a couple of roles to play in this group. Firstly I’m a member going to the group to learn about of each of the steps individual and to broaden my knowledge around my own recovery. The second role I will fill in this group is that of the person giving the chair at the start of the meeting. Identification of Group Culture: As pointed out by Chase (2013) the group’s culture underlies all of its behaviours and actions. The culture of groups is constantly developing as it adapts to each new situation or event it confronts and to the needs of the group and its members. The group’s culture is an abstinence based group. In my group each member has a common intellectual purpose for being together and that is to gain greater knowledge of the step involved on the night and the NA programme as a whole. The artefacts used in these meeting would be the ‘Big Book’ and a step working guide. Both of these were developed over time by members for members using collective knowledge they acquired over the years. Some of the group norms are as follow: Each member in the group is given a chance to talk: The last 10 minutes of the meeting is given up to new members or people that have less than 90 days clean time: Speak honestly and with consideration and respect of others and their efforts: Maint ain confidentiality: Members will place phones on silent: Members will listen to each other and not interrupt. With the NA programme being a spiritual programme, the main belief involved with NA is the belief in a higher power. NA is not a religious organisation. Each member can choose their own higher power. Some examples are the god we grew up with, the group itself, past family member. The belief in a higher power is that a power greater than ourselves can restore us to sanity. As a whole the behaviour in the groups is good. Members respect each other and where they are in their own recovery. There is a great sense of comradery and concern for each other. The ethos of the step meeting leads itself towards this in the way the person that does the chair is trying to help the newer members, that haven’t taking that step yet, gain a greater knowledge of the step or to get someone who has to maybe look at that step in a different light. If there are conflicts or members become unhappy with the way the group is developing they have a medium in group contions. This is held once a month and members get to address any concerns they have around the meeting as a whole. This is a very important tool in making sure the group guidelines are being followed and the group is achieving its goal. Some of the benefits of being an active member of this group are I feel very comfortable in the group. I get great support from the group and its members. I feel like I belong to the group and my voice is heard. Having completed the 12 steps I felt a sense of achievement and spurred me on to do the chair which was extremely humbling. Reflection on the efficacy of the group: When thinking what works well in my group Weegman (2004) make a valid point that â€Å"Group members learn they can help each other identify and modify in self and others their tendency to be unaware, deny, or remain oblivious to their pain, suffering, defences and the costly nature of their addictive solutions.† This is one of key strengths of the group. The nature of the group is that one member does the chair and explains their experience, strength and hope surrounding the step being covered that night. One member passing knowledge gained to another. This can get members to thinking about their issues in a different light or take action similar to that taken by the person that done the chair. A bond of togetherness comes from this and this is one of the main reasons that N.A. meeting stay together. Yalom (1985) points out the therapeutic factors in group work. I can see my group putting some of these factors into practice and benefiting from them. Instillation of hope is the first one and plays a big role in my group. This is evident even in the literature we read as it was written by member years ago who to this day are still clean and sober. This is helpful with new members as they can see that recovery is possible. Universality is major a factor in helping the members feel part of the g roup. After hearing other members share concerns similar to their own, members report feeling more in touch with the group and they don’t feel alone. Development of socialising techniques is another therapeutic factor pointed out by Yalom that the group often represents members the first opportunity for accurate interpersonal feedback. It can also point out a variety of social habits which, unbeknown to the member, have been undermining their social relationships. More senior members develop their social skills and have learned how to be helpfully responsive to other and acquire methods of conflict resolution. The reasonability of the group addressing its task lies with the group itself because any decisions or issues about the group are discussed and teased out in group concions. The secretory of the meeting is also decided here. I feel the group is addressing its task as the secretory chooses someone who has completed the step already to give the chair. The chair sets the tone of the meeting surrounding the step being covered in that meeting. Having pointed out some of the factors that help the group I will now point out some of the factors that hinder the function of the group. As the only requirement for membership is the desire to stop using from time to time members can come in under the influence of drugs. Due to the chaotic nature of drugs someone under the influence can cause a big hindrance to the group on a number of levels. Firstly the disturbance caused but also it can trigger something off in someone that makes them believe drugs are attractive again. Another hindrance to the group as pointed out by Hough (1998), the conflict stage, members jostle with positions and roles and sub-groups may form. When this happens members tend to be judgmental, critical and advice is freely offered without any real understanding of the problems which people have. The step meeting are a crucial part of the N.A. programme and if these two areas could be addressed and resolved I think the group could improve to reach higher goals than it is already achieving. Identification of key learning from the module: I’ve grained a lot from this module. One of the key areas of learning came in the first couple of sessions regarding the necessary decisions when planning a group. Up to now any involvement I’ve had with a group was in a group that was already set up when I joined. I’ve learned that the setting up of an effective group can cause as much stress as the running of a group. I can put this learning into practice as the youth projects I work in are setting up a stabilisation programme. Group therapy is an important factor of the programme with 3 sessions a week. As a result of my learning I feel comfortable I my ability to assist the project in taking the necessary steps when setting up the group. Moving on from the process of setting up the group the next area of key learning was the development of the group. Having watched the group develop and go through the five stages pointed out by Hough (1998) as we learnt them was very interesting. Again going forward the knowl edge of these five stages ranging from anxiety to closure will put me at ease when I observe the group going through them. I fell without both facilitator prior knowledge of the development stages of a group it would be very hard for the group to address its task even from the start. The final key learning for me was how the group dealt with absenteeism and the working out of this issue. The group was angry at first with the members that had missed a group but by working through it and voicing the anger the group was able to move on. It was decided that an empty chair be left in for the member that was missing. It was profound the effect the empty chair had on the group. The group member was nearly noticed more in the empty chair than if they were sitting in the group. I feel this is valuable and effective tool to have when working in a group setting. This learning is something that I will use in the stabilisation programme being set up in my work place. With this knowledge I will b e able to implement the empty chair from the beginning of the group so the clients won’t have to experience the anger which was felt in the experiential group . I’ve also had a huge insight as to what way I am in a silence. What way do I internalise this silence and what have I learnt from it. In the first couple of groups there were a few silences and unknown to me my taught would drift away. It was only when asked about the silence and what I was thinking that I realised that my taught were always on other people and things never about myself. For me this was very interesting and showed me that I had some personal stuff still to work through. Having worked through it and realised that it was an old trait of mine to protect myself when I was in active addiction. Another benefit from this insight going forward in my practise is that counter transference won’t be as big an issue for me having done this module and acted on the learning. Bibliography Chase, R.S (2013) Elements of Effective Communication, 4th Edition, Plain and Precious Publishing, Washington. Hough, M. (1998) Counselling Skills and Theory. Hodder and Staunton London. Chapter Nine: The Group Context. Part two pages 213-226 Yalom, I (1985) the Theory and Practise of Group Psychotherapy 3rd Edition Basic Books: USA. Chapter One: Therapeutic Factors in Group Therapy. Yalom, I (1985) The Theory and Practise of Group Psychotherapy 3rd Edition Basic Books: USA. Chapter Eleven: In the Beginning

Advantages of Telecommuting Essay -- Employment Work Papers

Advantages of Telecommuting Today much focus is being placed on the ability of organizations (private, and public) to increase their productivity, and quality of service. As a result it is necessary to improve the well being of employees, decrease unnecessary costs, and enhance the competitiveness of the organization. Given this, it is no accident that telecommuting, is one of the largest growing areas, in flexible alternative work schedules. The influence of globalization over all aspects, of many economies, also increases the effectiveness of telecommuting. Now, more than ever, many employees are taking advantage of completing their work in an alternative work environment. Advantages can be tangible, such as reduction in office space, or intangible, such as improved family life. Employee advantages include freedom, decreased clothing expenses, and increased moral. Employers also benefit from telecommuting. Reduced absenteeism, and reduced financial cost, are only two reasons why an employer should consider im plementing a telecommuting program. There are also environmental advantages to acknowledge, with regards to telecommuting, such as the reduction of traffic, and thereby the reduction of pollution. Spinning off, from the success of telecommuting, are companies, who offer help, with incorporating telecommuting, such as HOMEWORKS, and JALA International, Inc. Some companies list jobs for people interested in telecommuting positions. Still, there are also professional organizations established to enhance the performance of telecommuters, like the International Telework Association & Council (ITAC) . My personal experience with telecommuting has been so positive that I felt it was necessary to research it's advantages, an... ...rnational Inc., www.jala.com/ustcforecast.htm "Press Releases", JALA International Inc., www.jala.com/whatsnew.htm "JALA and Telework", JALA International Inc., www.jala.com/history.htm "HomeWorks for Telecommuting", www.coronado.ca.us/TMA/homeworks.html "Report on the Home Office Computing Survey of Telecommuting Practices", Amy Bellinger, Helen LeVan, Article, Home Office Computing Magazine, www.bluemarble.net/~amyloo/tele.html#profile "AT&T Releases Results of Telecommuting Day Survey", Released 9/20/94, www.att.com/press/0994/940920.chc.html ""Marketing Firms Wrestle with Telecommuting", 11/10/98, American Marketing Association 1998, http://www.shrm.org/hrnews/. " US Telecommuting Trend Surpasses 11 Million: Strong Economy, Internet Spur Growth", Article, International Telework Association & Council (ITAC) WebSite, www.telecommute.org

Chapter 1 indians the settlements of america Essay

1. Jamestown was the first colony that gets found. It was there where the first permanent settlement occurs. Jamestown was a poor location for colonization. The men dug wells to obtain water, but the water they found could not drink because it was contaminated. In addition, the ground was wet and had too many mosquitos. The mosquitoes were carriers of diseases and made the settlers sick. After a year, about half of the settlers had died of disease and starvation. The Native American Indians kept the English alive providing them with food. The English were so busy trying to discover gold that they didn’t bother trying to grow food. That was when Captain John Smith became leader of the Jamestown colony. He saved the colony by creating a rule, which maintained that anyone who did not work would have no right to eat. This made the colonist planted food, and they were forced to build shelters and fences to protect against any attack. These American Indians or â€Å"Amerinds†, showed them great diversity of character and attainments due to the differences in climate, soil, food, building material, and the activities necessary to preserve life. They taught the settlers how to plant and grow corn, beans, squash, etc. and also helped them to establish good relations with neighboring Indian tribes. On the other hand what the English settlers offered to Native Americans Indians was different. In exchange for food, they offered them weapons, horses, cattle, sheep, vegetables and fruits, hatchets, swords, metal pots, skillets and knives, which would give them the technological advantage over their enemies. They brought not only tools for the conquest of the wilderness, but also the forms of government, the religion, the books, and the languages of the Old World. But besides the different technologies and different lifestyles that they offered to them, the English brought with them different types of diseases, such as smallpox, which was lethal to Amerinds, this produced a lethal epidemic that affected a large portion of the tribe. American Indians had a very different culture from the English people. Despite some successful interaction, questions of ownership and control of land and trust between peoples, caused conflicts arise. Virginia suffers very frequent periods of drought and by that time the colonists did not understand that the natives were ill prepared to feed them during the hard times. In the years after 1612, settlers cleared the land to prepare it for export farms dedicated tobacco, its crucial crop for economic purposes. When the tobacco exhausted farmland, the settlers continuously had to clear more areas to replace them. This small wooded land was that the Indians could use to hunt and supplement their food crops. The more settlers arrived, the more demanding land. The spread of tobacco cultivation altered life for everyone, because its cultivation required abundant land. The tribes tried to fight the invasion of the settlers. The main conflicts occurred with the indigenous slaughter of 1622 and another in 1644, both under the command of the younger brother of the late Chief Powhatan, Chief Opechancanough. Recognizing the danger, the war leader launched coordinated attacks along the James River on March 22, 1622. By the end of the day 347 colonist lay dead, and only a timely warning from two Christian converts saved Jamestown itself from destruction. Europeans had a very mixed picture of the native Indians. On one hand, they believed that the Indians could be soft and generous and also attentive and willing to trade. At first it was a very positive image and the settlers had hoped that they would be welcomed with open arms and friendly hands. They wanted to believe their way to the Garden of Eden. 2. After reading the three sources that tell the story of the Indians and the Settlement of America, I found it more accurate the description number 3 â€Å"A people and a Nation† (2008) that gives us Mary Beth Norton, because I think is a very complete description about the events that occurred with the New World. She begins by describing how other civilizations of America were. She mentions how that residents, of what is now central Mexico began to cultivate food crops, especially corn, squash, beans, avocados, and peppers; while in the Andes Mountains of South America, people began to cultivate potatoes, and it was thanks to the improvement of these techniques of agriculture that could be spread this knowledge through America with the exception of those areas with harsher climates. Thanks to agriculture most of the Americans began to adopt a more sedentary life, without the need to spend so much time hunting and gathering. I believe that it is very appropriate that she mentions these details, since it is important to us as readers have an idea of how other civilizations in the Americas were, in this manner we can understand a little more about the civilization of the Native Americans Indians, because in some way they were very similar to each other. In the same way, in this source the author also makes mention of another significant civilization of America, the Aztecs; they were one of the most important and recognized civilizations of the American continent, they had a style a little different from other civilizations, they tended to be a little more wild, they use to forced their neighbors to pay tribute in textiles, gold, foodstuffs and even in human beings, who were sacrificed to the war god Huitzilopochtli. After the author made mention of these events, she continues her story mentioning the arrival of the English for the first time in 1607 to a region near to Chesapeake Bay called Tsenacomoco. It was a group of 104 men and boys, who established the palisaded settlement called Jamestown. This source tells us the beginning of a radical change to this Nation; the author mentions the number of people, the name of the region in which they arrived, and the date on which this happened; it seems to me that these data are necessary to know for any American person, I think it is important for all of us who live in this continent know this historical fact, and more specifically know what happened in this country. I am convinced that this source is more accurate, because it shows us these and more details, and is more precise describing how was the relationship between the colonists and the Native American Indians. It shows us what was the difference between these two different civilizations, and at the same time expresses us which were their similarities. Both groups held deep religious beliefs, subsisted primarily through agriculture, accepted social and political hierarchy, and observed well-defined gender roles. Despite the coexistence that came to have each other, both groups continued to have their own beliefs and thoughts, which for me in somehow led them to start a war, because the settlers wanted to impose their will on the Indians, and at the same time the Indians wanted to not let this happen, and also they were tired of being their food source and carriers of diseases that the settlers brought.

Managing the Product through Its Lifecycle (Introduction to Decline)

Managing the Product through Its Lifecycle (Introduction to Decline) Introduction To introduce a brand new product into the market, one will have to analyze not only the demands of the target audience, but also the challenges that the launch of the given product will trigger, the opportunities for creating an intriguing promotion campaign and the threats that the high competition rates pose to the product.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing the Product through Its Lifecycle (Introduction to Decline) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Speaking of offering customers a candy bar that will be linked to sportswear and, therefore, related to the concept of healthy lifestyle, creating a promotion campaign that appeals to people’s willingness to keep trim and be on a healthy diet seems reasonable enough. Growth To increase the growth of the product popularity, one will have to create a viable legend behind the product, therefore, molding a brand. At the point when the promotion of the product starts leading to its growth, a steep rise in competition can be expected. The given issue can be dealt with by providing customers with additional options, such as customized bar filling (e.g., peanuts, raisins, etc.). Thus, the goods provided by the given company will stand out of the range of similar snacks flooding the market. Maturity The stage of maturity will show how well the brand coined previously works. At the given point of the product promotion and retail, one can assume that it will become recognizable enough so that it could be sold to a gym, which is linked to the MySportsClub chain for $2.5. Since the gym will be allowed to sell the protein bars for $3, it can be expected that the gym owners will be excited about the idea of making quick money on a regular basis. Decline Unfortunately, sooner or later, the tidal wave of the fascination with the Nike protein bar will die down, and it is necessary to shape the product strategy in order to address the given phase adequately. It will be unreasonable to spur the product’s popularity artificially as soon as its novelty wears off. Therefore, instead of forcing the no longer interesting product onto the audience, it will be reasonable to come up with the means to market the product so that it could become a household name and, therefore, become an integral part of everyday routine. The examples of numerous cereals, which have been claimed to be a part of a complete breakfast so frequently that the given phrase has become a household name. Product Strategy and Its Impact on the Channel Strategy and Decisions In many ways, the effects that the product strategy has had on its popularity define the future channel strategy for the product in question. To be more exact, the less encouraging the effects of the product strategy are, the less funds are invested into the channel strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Involving the issues related to the product distribution, product channeling is extremely time-consuming; moreover, it takes much money, which means that there is no need to use the given strategy once the product was considered unviable. In the given case, channel strategy will depend on how many people will buy it in the course of the first two weeks. Once the number of people reaches the required mark (e.g., at least 50 people buy the snack), the product will be considered worth being promoted even further.