Management Issues of Implementing Welfare to Work...

Management Issues of Implementing Welfare to Work Programs In California In August of 1996, our chief executive of the United States, President Clinton, changed the structure of welfare dependency. He signed into law, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. This act, with its entire new legislature, has come to be known as welfare reform. Our state leaders, administrators and managers face many challenges and constraints in their attempt to implement a law, which will restructure the welfare dependency roles. This paper will take a detailed view of the specific challenges faced by state public sector leaders, in the attempt to implement these new laws which created a new welfare system for the United†¦show more content†¦For too long the needy and many of our legal immigrants had dependent on government funds known as Aid for Families with Depend Children (AFDC.) When President Clinton took office, he began to restructure the United States Government and its policies. One very noticeable change, which had an impact o n the majority of the United States citizens, was the restructuring of the welfare system. AFDC was replaced by a program known as, The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF.) Under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, state administrators, as opposed to the federal government, determines the eligibility of needy families and the benefits and services they are eligible to receive. During the course of implementing welfare reform, the federal government decided that it would reduce its role as administrator of state programs and funds relating to welfare. Each state was given the authority to create and implement its own projects for reducing welfares financial weight, which the federal government carried. Each state was issued a limited amount of funds to create their own unique and innovate programs to reduce the size of welfare dependency. This action put an end to uniformed ways of administering and monitoring welfare payments. Although the federal government limited their roles of participation in welfare guidance, they set mandate in the new laws which state mustShow MoreRelatedThe Social Services Agency ( Ssa ) Of Orange County Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesStructure is the basis through which an organization seeks to create control the direction of an organization. This is completed through clear definitions of the allocation of work, differentiation, and the coordination of having those responsibilities working together towards the efforts of the organization, integration (Bolman Deal, 1993, pp). Through these methods, the organization is able to devise a division of labor that collaborates to bring about the missions and goals of an organizationRead MoreProfit Healthcare Organizations Vs. Non Profit Organizations1617 Words   |  7 Pageshospital activities (Ingram, 2014). On the contrary, nonprofit hospitals accept everyone who comes in the doors and normally, they get busier than for-profit hospital (Writing, 2014). Non-profit organization (NPO) is an association that uses total welfare to accomplish their goals than dispense them as profit. The non-profit organization goals and purpose is not in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving significance to the groups of people they administer to (Wikipedia, 2014). Sharp HealthCare OneRead MoreFamily Preservation Vs. Child Removal Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesA little over three years ago, Gabriel Fernandez, an eight year old boy, was beaten to death, allegedly, by his mother and the boyfriend of his mother in Palmdale, California. Based on the reports of the boy’s teacher, who had repetitively conveyed evidence of maltreatment to social services before the child’s death, that fatal incident was not the first time he had been abused (LA Times, 2016). According to the Los Angeles Times (2016), â€Å"In the months before the boy was killed, county child protectionRead MoreEnterprise Resource Planning Is The Fruit Of The Hard Work1515 Words   |  7 PagesAnd also the problem of integrating all the information into one base structure, which created a burning problem affecting the efficiencies of the organizations. Every organization was waiting to have an organized system which could save all their work and collaborate all the information and c ommunicate among themselves. It was a situation of having a desperate need of new build system, which would improve their process. The complications aroused in every single business process i.e. from the startRead More The Challenges of Implementing The GAIN Program Essay2252 Words   |  10 PagesThe Challenges of Implementing The GAIN Program Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) no longer exists. A new era has arrived and the nation has moved in a completely different direction. In 1996, new legislation, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, was passed. Under this new Act, The state and local governments wide –ranging autonomy, discretion and responsibility for serving poor women and children were returned to them. It does this by repealingRead MoreThe Board Of A Nonprofit Organization1562 Words   |  7 PagesThe board of a nonprofit organization plays a major role in the organizations processes and effects. Chris Morfas, the Board Chair of the nonprofit organization â€Å"California Bicycle Coalition† makes it clear that â€Å"it’s the board’s role to establish the long-term strategic direction of the organization: its mission, vision, values and goals† (Best Practices in Board-Staff Relationships). As a board, we are responsible for t he direction, oversight and resources for the organization. The board steersRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) In an Organization1841 Words   |  8 Pagesshareholders and stakeholders that accounts mostly for difficulties in implementing CSR practices. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to dig deeper into above problems by presenting the definition of CSR and the importance of its role in international business along with the difficulties arising when implementing its practices on global scale, especially in Vietnam. What Is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)? Since it is a rising issue in worldwide businesses nowadays, the concept of social responsibilityRead More Workplace Violence Essay2488 Words   |  10 Pagesof workplace violence. Since 1992, violence among co-workers has averaged only about 6% of all work-related homicides. The rest are the result of robberies or other crimes. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, each year nearly one million individuals become victims of violent crime while working or on duty. Eight percent of all rapes, 7% of all robberies, and 16% of all assaults occur at work. Workplace violence accounts for 16% of the more than 6.5 million acts of violence experiencedRead MoreFoster Care Independence Act of 1999 Essay3122 Words   |  13 PagesFederal Government provided about $70 million per year to conduct programs for adolescents leaving foster care that are designed to help them establish independent living. Research and numerous reports from States conducting these programs indicate that adolescents leaving foster care do not fare well. As compared with other adolescents and young adults their age, they are more likely to quit school, to be unemployed, to be on welfare, to have mental health problems, to be parents outside marriageRead MoreEssay The System of Governance and Americans Rights and Liberties2375 Words   |  10 Pagesthe executive branch’s main responsibility is to oversee the laws being made by Congress and to enforce them. The executive branch consists of the president, the vice president, and the Cabinet. The legislative branch is in charge of creating and implementing legislation and exhibiting the power to declare war, as decided by Congress. The House of Representatives and the Senate make up Congress, which belongs to the legislative branch of government (whitehouse.gov). The judicial branch is responsible

Pathology, Perception, Medical, And Knowledge Development

Present time there are many diseases flourishing and that flourishing can be prohibit by the drugs and these drugs are designed, developed and prescribed by or under guidance of the doctors and these doctors are product of medical colleges after internship training. That is why medical interns are also known as future doctors. Pathology is fundamental need for a doctor in medical practice because pathology plays an important role in diagnosis of disease followed by treatment. There is a key role of department of pathology for skills and knowledge development in medical students. Skills and knowledge development are depends on the perception of medical students. Perception is always evaluated by the assessment during the course. There are two forms of assessments in medical education: formative and summative; and two types of examinations, one is theory examinations and other one is practical examinations. This study focused on the medical interns for Pathology about perception regard ing the types of theory questions and types of practical examinations done for formative and summative assessment in medical colleges of Northern India. KEYWORDS: Pathology, Perception, medical interns, type of theory questions, types of practical examinations, formative assessment, summative assessment. INTRODUCTION Incidences of different diseases have been proved the importance of medical education. These needs for medical education have undergone a considerable changeover globally in recentShow MoreRelatedThe Most Vital Functions Of The Nervous System1233 Words   |  5 Pagesis our lack of understanding for various pathways that play critical role in its pathophysiology. 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Inadvertently or not, Foucault seems to consider the structuralist status quo thatRead MorePrimary Care Providers ( Pcp )787 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals and in a patients understanding of risk perceptions and acceptance of genetic risk associated to LS cancers, as PCP support is influential in an individual’s ability to adjust to carrier status and acceptance of surveillance regimens (Marquez et al., 2013; Marzuillo et al., 2013). PCP’s knowledge of LS screening of patients with cancers in a health care delivery organizations can be instrumental in assessing of LS, implementation, and knowledge of collaborating with a genetic team in a patientsRead MoreThe Father of Medicine, Hippocrates, Changed the Perception of Medicine1633 Words   |  7 PagesBefore Hippocrates, the perception of medicine was very different. He was born in 460 BCE. He started scientific medicine. He was known as the father of medicine. Before Hippocrates, Greeks believed that Gods sent d isease and provoked death. 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There are 3 types of rapid response system, first and most called out being the Medical Emergency Team (MET) led by a doctor in charge, second is a critical care nurse leading a rapid response team (RRT) and the final one is the critical care outreach team who also provides care for discharged intensive care patients (Mitchell, SchatzRead MoreA Synthesis Of Learning Across Topics2233 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Science and Medical Ethics: A Synthesis of Learning Across Topics Introduction: Allan Brandt (1997: 2) in the book â€Å"Morality and health: Interdisciplinary Perspectives†, begins with the assertion that health and morality are â€Å"deeply and fundamentally entangled.† He is not alone in this view. 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The ACT Government acknowledges the

Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship Free Essays

string(512) " in his study that breadth of entrepreneurial xperiences significantly and directly influenced perceived feasibility, In literature it is carefully reviewed that entrepreneur’s intentions reveal a very few piratical support such as \(Krueger and Dickson, 1994\), analyzed that in risky situation self efficacy of those entrepreneurs are high influence high level of perception, if feasibility is high then entrepreneurs intention is more to start a new business and desire to invest more and more in business\." Information Management and Business Review Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship or any similar topic only for you Order Now 30-34, Jan 2012 (ISSN 2220-3796) Impact of Culture on Entrepreneur Intention Syed Imran Sajjad1, *Haroon Shafi1, Aasim Munir Dad2 1Iqra university Islamabad campus 2University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan *haroonshafi4@gmail. com Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to identify the role of entrepreneurship in Pakistan. After reviewing the literature, researchers identify those predictors who influence the entrepreneur’s intention with the help of socio cognitive model. National culture of a country influences the entrepreneur’s intention to start new business. Perceived feasibility, perceived desirability and entrepreneurs experience has a direct impact on entrepreneur’s intention. The study finds out the impact of culture on entrepreneur intention, different cultures have different ways to influence the entrepreneur intention and different ways to impact on intentions towards perceived feasibility and perceived desirability . The study helps entrepreneur’s decision making process and also helps out the development of further new business in Pakistan, motivates students to become entrepreneurs and analyzes their feasibility and desirability. Culture varies from country to country, within country different provinces, how different cultures, different traditions, norms and values. So in future, it helps to analyze entrepreneur’s intention in different cultures. Key words: Pakistan’s society, Entrepreneurship, entrepreneur’s experience, culture 1. Introduction Entrepreneur is an individual who runs a business with new idea or adding value in existing idea entrepreneur is a creator, risk taker who brings change in environment, with the help of technology, effective organization trained employees, and gets maximum benefit. A good leader is that, who manage all these activities on continuous bases. This is the study of an individual who starts new business. In this paper researchers analyze the entrepreneurial intention how entrepreneur is being motivate to starts new business, the relationship between entrepreneur intention with their experienced and relationship between desirability that influences the entrepreneur intention, study also analyze the affect of national culture on entrepreneur intention as well as entrepreneurial activity for development nd underdevelopment countries. Different aspects of human behavior but the one predictor intention plays an important role (Ajzen, 1991) when individual starts new business than an economic activity starts than circulation of money starts ultimately growth of country starts according to Romer(1994) due to entrepreneur investment in new venture long term growth of country starts. According to Mitchell et al (2002) for starting a new business many factors influence entrepreneur intention like desirability, feasibility, and entrepreneurial experience, but it varies culture to culture and nation to nation, within country culture varies, researchers are still unclear, the over all impacts of culture in entrepreneur intention, Every country has its own culture, its values, norms and beliefs that affects the entrepreneurial intention, at some stages the culture plays an important role in decision making. Now a day’s private sector plays a vital role in economic development, in private sector small business owners have various opportunities to start new venture. The policies of government are important for entrepreneurs, but only development of policies is not sufficient, their implementation is also mandatory to attract investor to invest in business, small and medium enterprises some time not going well due to lack of knowledge and infrastructure. This paper is conceptual in nature and focuses that how entrepreneurs motivate to start a new venture especially in the context of culture. 2. Literature Review 30 Entrepreneurial intention: Entrepreneurial intent to begin an innovative enterprise, in literature different researchers suggested the importance of entrepreneur intent such as (Shapero Sokol, 1982; Shapero, 1975; Krueger, 1993; Bird, 1988; Krueger et al. , 2000). Some researchers including (Bird, 1988) identified entrepreneur individual nature, skill, experience the same as social desirability and personal feasibility. Different Researchers recommended including (Shane, 2003), that: the existence of an entrepreneurial possibility; its identification by the entrepreneur; and the conscious decision of the entrepreneur to be aware of that chance, are between the mandatory steps required in the entrepreneurial process. Cristina and Dwayne (2009) saw the effect of entrepreneur intention in Caribbean and the found out the link among entrepreneur intention, desirability, and feasibility and suggested that culture acted as moderator to influence the entrepreneur’s intention. After reviewing literature it has been seen that there is linked between desirability perception and entrepreneur intention to begin a new venture, Krueger (1993) practiced Shapiro’s theoretical model and suggested that there is a positive impact of perceived desirability on entrepreneur intention (Krueger et al. , 2000). For better understanding of different indicators and the impact of these indicators on entrepreneur (Krueger et al. 2000) suggested that attitude of entrepreneur varies for every exogenous facet that affects entrepreneur intention to become entrepreneur. P1. Perceived desirability will directly influence entrepreneurial intentions. The study analyzed that perceived feasibility and perceived desirability are decided by exogenous facet for example individual and conditional facets disclosure to entrepreneur experiences that studied as exogenous facets, all these observation manipulate entrepreneur intentions. According to (Bandura, 1994) self-efficacy is an emotional and thinking process. In this, model the two predictor perceived feasibility and desirability act as mediators the both predictors influence entrepreneur experience. This paper is extensions of social cognitive process model that analyzed to identify, save, and recover the information ultimately take suitable action (Frese and Zapf, 1994). For entrepreneur information any resource is very important, to identify that information and take proper action. Cristina and Dwayne (2009) argued that perceived feasibility and desirability has direct impact on entrepreneur intention and also there is a direct relationship between entrepreneur experience and intention, entrepreneur, experience plays an important role, experience influences the intention, due to experience their performance increase, experience motivated towards risk taking for new venture . Due to entrepreneur expertise that is gained from previous experience makes strategies more effective (Zhao et al. 2005). It has been argued that feasibility perceptions regarding entrepreneurship are influenced by prior exposure to entrepreneurial experiences. For example, (Shapero and Sokol, 1982) contended that prior exposure to entrepreneurial activity would have a positive effect on perceptions of feasibility (and perceived desirability). Krueger (1993) demonstrated in his study that breadth of entrepreneurial xperiences significantly and directly influenced perceived feasibility, In l iterature it is carefully reviewed that entrepreneur’s intentions reveal a very few piratical support such as (Krueger and Dickson, 1994), analyzed that in risky situation self efficacy of those entrepreneurs are high influence high level of perception, if feasibility is high then entrepreneurs intention is more to start a new business and desire to invest more and more in business. You read "Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship" in category "Essay examples" A supportive culture also influences the entrepreneur’s intention, with his social and moral values and belief. P2. Perceived Feasibility will directly Impact on entrepreneurial intentions P3. Entrepreneur experience has a direct Impact on entrepreneurial intentions 31 Figure 1: Model Culture Perceived Feasibility Entrepreneurial Experience Entrepreneurial Intentions Perceived Desirability Culture: It recommends that the culture is most effective constant for entrepreneur. Good cultural values also influence the entrepreneur intention. The appropriateness, consistency, effectiveness, (ACE) model of persuasion (Reardon et al. , 1989) three main thought of culture Importance, stability, efficiency. Culture includes some social, moral ethical values norms and beliefs that must be socially acceptable (Hofstede, 1980). This extends society think about those values norms and beliefs. Normally, researchers analyzed that culture facilitated the entrepreneurship because of high individuality, low ambiguity, and low in power remoteness, and high intention for commencement of new business. Hayton et al. , 2002, p. 34). National culture has a moderating effect on entrepreneur intention (Fernandez et al. , 1997), George and Prabhu, 2000) P4. culture of a country has a significant effect on entrepreneur intention. 3. Discussion The present study examines the role of entrepreneurial intention in Pakistan and how culture affects the entrepreneurial intention. This model is based on Shapero and Sokol (1982) and tested by Krueger (1 993). Later on Dwayne Devonish, et. l (2009) investigates the effect of entrepreneur intention in Caribbean; In Caribbean Governments are familiar with the need to expand the structure and change the mechanism in provinces and encourage the entrepreneurship. This present study sees the effect of culture in entrepreneurial intention in Pakistani society. Now – a – day’s instability of government is not helpful for entrepreneur to invest. Government policies are also significantly affecting the entrepreneur intention. This model indicates that entrepreneurial experience has a direct and positive relationship with perceived desirability and perceived feasibility. The entrepreneurial intention plays an importance role for starting new venture, past experience influence their decisions the model shows the direct relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial experience. This model recommends that the entrepreneur’s experiences acts as a key function to influence the intention of an individual to become entrepreneur linked with the previous point of view and research (Shapero and Sokol, 1982). According to Krueger et al (2000) experience influences the entrepreneur intention, there is also a direct relationship between entrepreneur’s experience on perceived feasibility and perceived desirability, feasibility and desirability existing in environment that influence the entrepreneur’s experience, so perceived feasibility and perceived desirability partially mediates entrepreneurs experiences and entrepreneurs intentions. Entrepreneurs experience directly influences the entrepreneur’s intention to start a new venture. 2 The other two indicators perceived feasibility and desirability mediated the entrepreneurial experience towards entrepreneurial intention. In this paper, we see the impact of culture on entrepreneurial intentions and his experience, how values and norms of a culture affect entrepreneurial decision in Pakistani society, different cultures have their own values traditions and norms, many small and medium size organizations have different impa ct on culture. Mark-Pruett et al. 2008) suggest that national culture of a country is directly linked with entrepreneur intention. Culture is shared values, norms, traditions rules beliefs, and anticipated behaviors of people. Cultural values and beliefs specify the level to which society judges’ entrepreneurial behaviors, such as innovation, perceived feasibility, risk taking, independent thinking and perceived desirable. Managerial implication: The study also helps managers to understand the impact of culture on entrepreneurial intentions and experience. The other motivating research would be to arrange a relative research for the service firms in different markets. A good culture influences entrepreneurial intention ultimately its performance increases and firm grows. A good supportive culture is helpful for the development of the organization, Government policies must be stable and supportive for new investors, banks also play important role for giving them loan on low interest rates, and all these aspects attract the entrepreneur intentions to start a new venture. Limitation and Recommendation: The study finds out the impact of culture on entrepreneur intention, different cultures have different ways to influence the entrepreneur intention and different ways to impact on intentions towards perceived feasibility and perceived desirability. It is difficult to sketch the conclusion, because in both streams of researches, it is difficult to measure lack of agreement and lack of clearness. In conclusion, we can say that the involvement of culture and its influence on entrepreneurial intentions helps entrepreneur to take decision. The regular support is education that increases entrepreneurial performance and efficiency. It is suggested that the education system in universities and colleges should help to improve the skill and knowledge of students regarding entrepreneurship, and also focus the students attention to find out the their desirability and feasibility in the field on entrepreneurship, conducting seminar on entrepreneurship allow entrepreneurs to share the experience with students and motivate them. Danns and Mentore (1995) suggested that â€Å"entrepreneurial experience† helps the students to develop positive attitude and approach to start a new venture. . Conclusion and Future Research Finally, entrepreneurship is a key factor for the development of any country. The current study focuses on the entrepreneur’s intention, national culture of a country influences the entrepreneur’s intention, perceived feasibility, and desirability and entrepreneurial experience directly influenc e the intention of any individual to start a new business. This study only emphasizes only Pakistani culture, and culture related policies and their implementation. In future research scholar will focus on one aspect of culture or one particular area. Culture varies country to country. Appropriate scale should be developed to empirically examine relations among above model. References Ajzen, I. (1991). Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(1), 179-211. Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy, in Ramachaudran, V. S. (Ed. ). Encyclopedia of Human Behavior Academic Press, 4, 71-81. Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intentions. Academy of Management Review, 13, 442-449. Cristina, J. Dwayne, D. (2009). An exploratory study of competitive strategies among hotels in a small developing Caribbean state. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(4), 491 – 500. Danns, G. K. Mentore, M. M. (1995). Race and economic power in Guyana: a study of the East Indians, in Ryan, S. and Stewart, T. (Eds), Entrepreneurship in the Caribbean: Culture, Structure, Conjuncture, University of the West Indies, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Trinidad and Tobago. 33 Fernandez, D. R. , Carlson, D. S. , Stepina, L. P. Nicholson, J. D. (1997). Hofstede’s country classification 25 years later. Journal of Social Psychology, 137(1), 43-54. Frese, M. Zapf, D. (1994). Action as the core of work psychology, in Trandis, H. C. , Dunnette, M. D. and Hough, L. (Eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organ. George, G. Prabhu, G. (2000). Developmental financial institutions as catalysts of Entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Academy of Management Review, 25, 620-30. Hayton, J. C. , George, G. Zahara, S. A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: a review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 33-53. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA. Krueger, N. Dickson, P. R. (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decision Sciences, 25(3), 385-400. Krueger, N. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 3, 5-21. Krueger, N. , Reilly, M. Carsrud, A. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(2), 411-32. Mark-Pruett, R. , Bryan, T. , Francisco, L. Jerry, F. (2008). International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research, 15(6), 571-594. Mitchell, R. , Smith, J. B. , Morsem, E. A. , Seawright, K. , Peredo, A. M. McKenzie, B. (2002). Are entrepreneurial cognitions universal? Assessing entrepreneurial cognitions across cultures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 9-32. Reardon, T. , Crawford, E. Kelly, V. (1989). Link between nonfarm income and farm investment in Africa households: Adding the capital marketing perspective. American journal of Agriculture Economics, 76 (5), 172-179. Romer, P. (1994). The origins of endogenous growth. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(1), 3-22. Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Shapero, A. (1975). The displaced, uncomfortable entrepreneur, Psychology Today, 9(11), 83-8. Shapero, A. Sokol, L. (1982). Some social dimensions of entrepreneurship in Kent, C. (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 72-90. Zhao, H. , Hills, G. E. Siebert, S. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272. 34 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. How to cite Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship, Essay examples

Leadership The Role of Strategic Leadership

Question: Describe about the Leadership for The Role of Strategic Leadership. Answer: Introduction This report introduces the evaluation of leadership of a leader belonging to the 21st century. The example used for the evaluation is of a family member of the author who runs a small business on import and export of electronic apparatus with ten employees. The report gives a clear and concise description of the business owner as a leader along with his organisation. It also gives the description of the industry where the business owners organisation actually belongs and the situation or context on which the business is based. The report also makes the evaluation of the leadership on the basis of leadership theories and concepts. A further discussion has been made in the subsequent sections stating that if the author was in the position of the business owner, how differently he would have acted to make a stronger impact on his followers and the situation. Some recommendations have been added to make the overall situation better. Discussion Description of the leader and his organisation along with the industry In the given report, Mr. Thomas Lee, is the business owner of the Singapore based small import and export company, Lee Co. He is a family member of the author. His company deals with import and export of various electronic apparatus such as musical instruments, editing set up and studio appliances (Aziz et al. 2013). Mr. Lee is running the business for last ten years. Currently he is having ten staffs including the accountant, the business development officer, the purchase officer, HR executive, system administrator, store manager, three shop sales person and one delivery boy. Mr. Lee has started this sole proprietorship in the year 2006 with two staffs and after 10 years he has expanded the business with ten employees (Agyapong and Boamah 2013). Unless, an effective and efficient level of leadership was there by Mr. Lee, it was impossible for him to carry on a business in a progressive way for a decade. Initially, there was no such shop of Mr Lee in Singapore and he collected orders for studio appliances directly from his clients in the city (Hwang 2013). He used to visit in the countries of Japan, China and South Korea with his two staffs to purchase the products ordered and sold them to his clients in a good profit margin. Later, he communicated to his clients and vendors through internet and phone and led his staffs to buy and sell the electronic equipments in behalf of him. More profit margins led to motivation of expanding the business through increasing the number of clients, vendors and staffs (Rothaermel 2015). Therefore, through an efficient leadership on the staffs and business, Mr. Lee was able to come to a position where he could establish a shop in Singapore where inventory of the imported electronic instruments can be maintained. He was there in the position to deliver the products to the clients within the required time frame as he had ample products in hand in his shop. Being a leader, Mr. Lee guided his team to administrate the business integrally starting from the import and export operations to the order and delivery management in the shop (Landis, Hill and Harvey 2014). Such a good leadership created a good brand image of the company resulting to generation of new clients in other nations. The organisation that Mr. Lee owns was established in the year 2006, in the name of Lee and Co. with two staffs. Those two staffs worked with Mr. Lee to collect the orders of the electronic equipments from the clients in Singapore and purchased those equipments from the wholesalers at South Korea, Japan and China (Lee 2013). As the business grew further through increase in profit margin and number of clients in the city as well as abroad, Mr. Lee felt the need to hire more staffs and establish a shop to maintain inventory of the items. He opened the shop in the year 2009 and hired more staffs to make good administration of the business. Since 2011, there were all over ten staffs working in the organisation, who have the aim to make an effective coordination with the clients and vendors to enhance the business performance. The industry in which the organisation works are the studios and music workstations located in Singapore and other nations (Howell 2013). Those studios actually make programs for the entertainment for their audience. Due to such reason, demand of editing set ups, musical instruments always exist for those clients. As there are been diversified programs made keeping in mind of the taste and preferences of the audiences in various countries, a constant requirement of the innovative electronic equipments always prevailed in the industry (Das 2015). Such demand eventually helped to prosper a business like Lee and Co. which deals with import and export of such products. The overall situation has actually become favourable for expansion of the business. At the current stage, there is a constant requirement from the clients, both in the city and other nations for the purpose of developmental work in their studios (Miner 2015). Due to such reasons, the company has to make a better management of its order collection, purchase, inventory and delivery. Mr. Lee has provided effective guidance to his team members so that the whole process can be streamlined resulting to optimum level of output. Evaluation of the leader on the basis of leadership theories and concepts There are several theories and concepts which provides the explanation of leadership. It includes the naturalistic theories, functional leadership theories, situational leadership theories, autocratic and participative leadership theories, transactional and transformational leadership and the theories of moral leadership (McCleskey 2014). The naturalistic theory consists of the trait theories which states that leaders are born and not made. The trait theory explains that certain extraordinary personality traits make the identification of those people who have the potential to be great leaders. The functional theories are been prepared on the basis of various assumptions (Frost 2016). Those theories are based on the leaders actions, which is termed as action based leadership. The functional theories does not support for dealing with changes. Adaptation and changes are best handled by the situational leadership. Such a good model to handle the varied situations is the Hersey Blanchard model of leadership (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House 2013). The model actually is concerned with the identification of the willingness and ability to deal with the varying situations and determination of the best leadership style. The autocratic leadership has the tendency for making decisions and imposing it to others. Such leaders has the belief that they are been placed for making the decisions and their followers are there for accepting their leadership (Singh 2015). In participative leadership, leaders make consultation with their followers or involve them to make decisions. Such decisions are been made through demonstration of consideration and showing respect to other people. The participative leadership actually makes the development of the other people and prepares the support in all the directions. The transactional theory of leadership is been developed on the exchanges between the leader and his follower (Sadeghi et al. 2013). It provides the assumption that the relationship regarding work is the one factor where the leader makes the issuance of the work, makes criticism, gives punishment and give rewards to his followers. In such model, the followers have a very low responsibility other than performing about what they are needed. The theory is applied for the case of jobs which require a very low skill (Youssef and Luthans 2012). The procedures in such segments have a clear definition and a nominal change is required. In transformational leadership, change is the ultimate bottom line. The leaders in such model provide inspiration to their subordinates for following a vision. They generally make the opportunities for the people for showing the flair and taking responsibilities for latest ideas (Clarke 2013). In such cases, the leaders become very much charismatic and extrovert. The transformational leaders always have the vision of the bigger picture. The transformational leadership is in generally much more applicable in case of situations which are frequently changing. In moral leadership, people tend to make approaches to create the world a better place to stay through a proper care for the environment and being true in their vision. In the case of Lee and Co., Mr. Lee has always made a practice of participative leadership. From the initial stage to the present, he always made verbal consultations with his staffs regarding decision making (Du et al. 2013). He took opinions from his staffs regarding choosing the wholesaler shops in the East Asian countries from where they purchased the order items. The staffs provided suggestions to him for purchasing the electronic equipments from those shops where maximum amount of discounts were provided. Mr. Lee also made decisions regarding payment mode from the clients on the basis of consultation with his staffs (Aydin, Sarier and Uysal 2013). Moreover, further hiring of staffs, establishment of shop, segmentation of departments, generation of more clients in the other nations, implementation of online porta l for making transactions, every incidents took place on the basis of good amount of involvement by the staffs. The main theme that lies behind all such incidents are that the main thought process always take place in the mind of Mr. Lee (Wang et al. 2013). But at certain cases, he did not become very much sure about the outcomes of a decision. Due to such reasons, he always given authority to his employees to participate in active manner for verbal consultations and provide suggestions for solving an issue. Therefore, the style of leadership of Mr. Lee was very mild to his followers. His behaviour was always very friendly to them so that they can have the zeal and motivation to suggest the best solution for him (Hamidifar 2015). The personality trait of Mr. Lee permitted to provide space for his employees regarding elaborating their opinions. The attitude of participative leadership style always gave the authority to the followers, therefore the employees to make the actions done on the basis of their justifications. In such leadership style, power has been given to the followers to some extent for supporting their leader through active participation and involvement for making decisions starting from the initial stage to the present. Discussion on leading the situation differently as a leader If the opportunity was given to the author to lead the situation as a leader, he would have acted as the transformational leader (Wang et al. 2013). As the business of Lee Co. is of electronic equipments, therefore the demand of the equipments are constantly changing. Therefore to stay competitive in the market, the company has to be innovative in their business strategies. Such strategies may not be possible to implement by the leader through his own thought process. Therefore, the leader will give responsibilities to his employees to make strategic moves based on their own thought process (Aydin, Sarier and Uysal 2013). Therefore, development of strategies can be built for the improvement of the performance of each department of the company by their respective personnel who have the ample expertise in their domain. Such leadership will definitely motivate the followers as they will have a sense of feeling that they have the sole authority to utilise their thought process to improve their work resulting to enhanced performance (Du et al. 2013). The accounts professional will innovate new procedure to prepare balance sheets and profit and loss statement, the business development officer will make new online marketing strategies to attract new clients, the store manager will make newer strategies through promoting new offers for effectively satisfying the customers coming to the shop, the counter sales people will make strategies to greet their customers in a better speech so that it can create a good impact in their mind resulting to repeated footfalls. The delivery people will make strategies for shortest path calculation so that a timely delivery of the ordered items and collection of cash can be done in a far better way (Clarke 2013). Therefore, starting from the ground level execution to the upper level management, each and every professional will be given the authority to create the strategy in their own. It will definitely have a stronger impact on the followers as it will create the flexibility in them to create plans and execute them to make the situation better. Such a huge authority will make the followers to stay committed to their organisation in a long run. The transformational leadership will make the overall situation to be very much improved as each and every person associated with the organisation make the strategies to enhance the overall quality level of the business performance (Youssef and Luthans 2012). Integration of all those strategies actually formulates the ultimate set up which leads to prosperity. Therefore, it actually builds an enormous potential for the company to flourish to the fullest extent in the competitive market. An effective integration will take place between the departments resulting to a huge satisfaction among the employees. Conclusion In the above discussion, it has been stated that, Thomas Lee, being the owner of Lee Co. has adopted participative style of leadership from the starting of his business of importing and exporting electronic apparatus. He had started the business ten years back with two employees and currently running it through a shop with an online portal for purchase. He has achieved a good progress in his business in terms of revenue earned. The company has expanded its business to other countries where it is exporting its products. Mr. Lee has given space to his employees for providing suggestions to make decisions regarding business progress. But in certain scenario, the employees can have lack of knowledge in the domain they work. Therefore, there may be gaps in making the plans for refinement of the business process which can create obstructions in the progress. From the above discussions, it can be concluded that if the leader follows the recommended steps given below then the company can re ach the optimum point of success with an enhanced brand image in the near future. Recommendations The recommended options for the business owner Mr. Lee is as follows, Hiring external experts for verbal consultations The business owner should hire external professional who have ample experience and expertise in the domain of the business of electronic apparatus. Such professionals can help Mr. Lee to fix the loopholes in the business strategies so that the overall performance can be improved to the optimum level. Reduction of cultural barriers among the employees The business owner should make frequent parties with their employees to encourage respect among them so that the cultural barriers become reduced among them resulting to development of a friendly relationship resulting to better work. Increasing business network through social networking site The business owner should concentrate to develop a profile of their organisation in the social networking site such as Facebook to increase the business network with their vendors and clients. He should participate in making online promotions to create awareness among the target audience so that they become more eager to buy the products available. Effective utilisation of the revenue generated The business owner should perform a detailed market research to know the recent trends through effective investment of the revenue earned so that they can deal with the products which are in demand and can reject those products which have become obsolete. References Agyapong, A. and Boamah, R.B., 2013. Business strategies and competitive advantage of family hotel businesses in Ghana: The role of strategic leadership.Journal of Applied Business Research,29(2), p.531. Aydin, A., Sarier, Y. and Uysal, S., 2013. 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