Saturday, February 1, 2020
Sociology class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1
Sociology class - Essay Example A system is defined as a collection of elements and their interrelationships. These relationships make the system distinct from other systems. The chemical bond between the molecules of a chemical compound is quite different from the relationships between organisms of a species. Hence, a Social system is a congregation of individual parts which are interrelated. These relationships are unique to each social system and help us distinguish between different social systems. The fact that social systems can also be a part of a larger social system can help us understand the world as a group of social systems which are closely related. Let us consider the example of political and economic systems. While the fundamental objectives, modus operandi and the structure of hierarchy are somewhat similar, the relationships between the components are different. The politicians of a country are closely connected when compared to the presidents of banks or financial organizations (Nelson). The basic components of a social system are shown below: 1. Status: It is defined as a position in the social system accompanied by a set of rights, duties and expectations. Statuses are unique and hence, identifiable in terms of other statuses. For instance, let us consider what it means to be a 25 year old in a society. In a society where the average life span is 70 or 80 years, 25 is when an individual begins to think in terms of career and personal growth. However, in a society where the average life expectancy is 30 to 35 years, 25 is the beginning of late adulthood. Status comes in two different forms. The term Achieved status refers to the status which can change over time whereas Ascribed status is permanent. For instance, an individualââ¬â¢s position within the family is permanent and hence achieved. However, an individualââ¬â¢s position in an organization may change over time and hence is ascribed. 2. Roles: A role is a unique set of behaviors associated with the normal being of individuals belonging to a particular status. In a family, the role of mother is quite different from that of the grandmother. Similarly, the role of an entry level executive in an organization is different from that of the manager. These roles represent different dimensions of an individualââ¬â¢s existence. However, some roles are not as clearly marked as others. While the role of a mother in the family is clear, the role of an individual within an organization may vary based on several factors. In a society, every individual is linked to several social systems and hence, performs multiple roles such as being a father in the family while working at an automobile company. 3. Social structure: It is a set of patterns which collectively constitute the social system much like the layout of a building. A simple social structure merely describes the statuses and roles in a social system whereas a complex social structure describes them in an elaborate manner along with the interre lationships. The age structure of a country is a simple social structure. For instance, let us compare the percentage of children in Kenya and the U.S. Kenya clearly has a higher percentage of children thanks to the reduced infant mortality rates along with the tradition of living in large families. Such simple structures help us understand social systems using the
Friday, January 24, 2020
Perfect Competition :: Brisbane Australia Restaurants
Brisbane, Australia, is the third largest city; where it serves up some of Australiaââ¬â¢s best culinary finds. There is a marvellous collection of Brisbane restaurants with everything from stylish boutique eateries featuring top chefs from around the world to local diners than feature Australian specialities (ABC Integra, 2004). This essay will discuss the extent to which restaurants in Brisbane match the characteristic of a perfectly competitive industry both in the short and long run. Following that, this essay will elaborates on the pros and cons from an economic perspective, the characteristics of a perfectly competitive industry. Comparison between perfect competition and monopolistic along with examples will also be given to further illustrate the best market structures that fit restaurants in Brisbane. It will then be concluded that restaurants in Brisbane does not fit the characteristics of a perfectly competitive industry but rather a monopolistic industry as the only si milarity between restaurants and a perfectly competitive industry is the large number of participants involved. Diagram 1.0 ââ¬â Perfect Competition Perfect competition (as shown above) is a market structure characterised by a large number of small firms, a homogenous product, and very easy entry into, or exit from, the market (Layton, Robert & Tucker, 2002, p.173). The characteristic of a large number of small firms is fulfilled when each firm in a market has no significant share of total output and has no ability to affect the productââ¬â¢s market price. Each firms work autonomously, rather than coordinating decisions collectively (Layton, Robert & Tucker, 2002, p. 173). Restaurants in Brisbane do not fit this characteristic as restaurants are more fitted under monopolistic competition; exist under a large number of firms where no single firm can influence the market outcome. For example, Michaelââ¬â¢s Riverside in Brisbane serves some of the areaââ¬â¢s best seafood (ABC Integra, 2004). Even so, Michaelââ¬â¢s unable to influence the market outcome, but is able to set the prices higher than rival restaurants without fear of losing its customers. This is due to product differentiation (Layton, Robert & Tucker, 2002, p.233). Consumer demand for differentiated products is described using two distinct approaches ââ¬â the heterogenous demand and homogenous demand. The heterogenous demand assumes that each consumer has a demand for multiple varieties of a product over time and the homogenous demand assumes that each product consists of a collection of different characteristics such as in location, atmosphere, quality of food, style, services and price (Suranovic, 1997).
Thursday, January 16, 2020
Beyond The Human Essay
Nature is benevolent. It may condone one mistake of the human being. It may accommodate him in his yet another folly. But when the human beings continue with the deliberate, malicious and intentional negative activities to destroy Nature, Nature will hit back with tremendous vigor, for it has to recoup its original, natural ââ¬Ëhealth. ââ¬Ë Man is not the creature of Nature. Rather he is the product of the divine creative force that sustains the world. This novel by Atwood is grim and depressing and the contents therein, if it were to become true, do not augur well for the wellbeing of humanity. This book can be categorized as Science Fiction or speculative fiction, but as one goes through the contents, it reads like predictions that will come true. There is a method in the imaginative narrations which reach the borders or truth. At the end of each chapter, the reader is compelled to nod his head and say-yes, this can happen! How then to make this Planet Earth heaven-like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes full of understanding, heart full of love and deep respect for the laws of Nature and the life that refuses conflictsââ¬âenough, these alone are enough! Two main themes dominate the book, Oryx and Crake. The novel relates to the distant future, the global warning has taken its toll, it has created many changes to the geography of Earth, that the coastal cities do not exist, and the name of New York is New New York. Umbrellas wonââ¬â¢t do to go outside in the sun; one invites certain death. The wealthier areas of the world still dominate, well-protected under places known as compounds and areas known as The Pleebands still exist. People live the normal life here, and understand Nature and its glory better. They know the real worth of Godââ¬â¢s gifts to humanity. The plot of the book has three central characters. The narrator, Snowman, formerly known as Jimmy, is the only surviving human being on this Planet Earth. The sad beginning of the novel describes this terminally ill Snowman, sleeping in a tree. Food is in short supply; the sun is so hot that the Snowman has blisters on his body. The genetically engineered beings wolvogs and the pigoos that have managed to escape are now roaming the grounds, with no human beings to control them. At this stage, Atwood makes the reader ponder, as to what a sad pass the human race has arrived and the responsibility rests squarely on the shoulders of the captains who led the human race. The role of the scientists becomes suspect here. No doubt, they obey the orders of the politicians and do research on weapons of more and more and destruction. When questioned, their reply is that they have no responsibility for its use. Atwood provides the imperative advice to those who govern the affairs of humanity that if proper review is not made in time, even the desperate remedies will not be able to avert the forthcoming desperate situations. The important question is not who is responsible but what will happen to the Planet Earth, when such irreversible grim situations confront humanityââ¬âin this particular story, the humanity itself is extinct so who is there to tell the story and also listen to the story! To what a calamitous situation this mad craze for unending research has brought the human race, the so-called crown of creation! How the human beings are unable to know the real source of happiness? True happiness is not in reading more and more books, creating innovative materialistic objects. The products of mind related thinking can never be the permanent source of happiness. To achieve the state of bliss, an individual has to cross the barrier of mind, rather transcend it. Now the only surviving human being the Snowman, has the added responsibility of looking after a group of humanoid creatures named the Crackers. His best friend Crake invented them and created such class of people. They are supposed to be ideal human beings. If only the individual who created such human being were to know the exact nature of ideal human beings! Crakers are strange creatures, with no emotions, no desires, and no sex drive. They just procreate, as matter of reflex action. They are without any motivation. The concept of war is not known to these creatures, and this aspect seems to be the only good point about them. Being strict vegetarians, they have no desire for meat. They are simple people, but the meaning of their simplicity is not amenable to human reason. The question is, why for these Crakers were created at all? An important conclusion is the mind-less craze for research must stop. How to stop it and where to stop it, should be the concern of the leadership of the humanity. A popular protest to halt the undesirable and unhealthy growth of research that affects the human life must be on the top of the agenda. This aspect of research can be illustrated with an example. An over the counter medication for diabetes claimsââ¬âthe cure for diabetes is guaranteed with this medicine. But the side effects reported are, hypertension, night-blindness, hair fall, palpitation of the heart, with possible heart attack, high blood pressure, blisters etc. Further research is in progress as to how to avoid these side-effects. Is it not prudent to own the original disease, instead of extending a cordial invitation to so many side effects? So, this much about the world of research related to the medical world. So, the important question is why the world ended and why should it have ended thus. Due to the follies of the miniscule of minority of human beings, the majority had to face the ultimate disasterââ¬âtotal extinction! ââ¬âAtwood elucidates this aspect convincingly and indicates her deep concern for the real happiness of human beings, which is an attainable reality provided right type of efforts are made. Conclusion: One must read this book; one must re-read and ponder over the contents. The points mentioned in the book are logical and the conclusions are frightening. Just remember the atomic blasts done over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. That was the time when the research on atomic weapons was still in its infancy. What if some mad political authority should initiate triggering the push-buttons of these silent demons? There wonââ¬â¢t be a Snowman to collect the ashes of humanity perhaps! Does the humanity deserve this? Perhaps not! Are we taking action and thinking strongly to avert such a situation? Perhaps not! Then who is to blame? Perhaps ourselves! The science-community, especially the bio-engineering division, is taken to task by Atwood and her deep suspicions about the craze of unending research are absolutely right. So, the scientists! ââ¬âyou may cross the moon and beat the stars; but probe and research you must the mysteries of a happy human heart! ************************** References Cited: Atwood, Margaret (Author) Book: Oryx and Crake. Paperback: 376 pages Publisher: Anchor (March 30, 2004) Language: English ISBN-10: 0385721676 ISBN-13: 978-0385721677
Wednesday, January 8, 2020
Expropriation Of Education And Body Image In The...
Dami Kalejaiye Oct. 17, 2017 Literature and Controversy Prof. Kristian Kahn Expropriation of Education, and Body Image in The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale. Education is one of the greatest tools available to the advancement and development of humans. It comes as no surprise as to why in Margaret Atwoodââ¬â¢s The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale, we are introduced to a patriarchic theocracy, this society heavily subjugated women, and one of the means to install these methods of subjugation of women was to ban the literacy of women, reading or writing for women is forbidden. The social construct in Gilead revolved with men playing the function of financial contributor to the family and wasnââ¬â¢t really to be involved in home life, raising kids, and being an emotional supportâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦It can also mean the leader of a meeting. It can also mean a mode of execution. It is the first syllable in charity. It is the French word for flesh. None of these facts has any connection with the others. These are the kinds of litanies I use, to compose myself (110). To remain powerful over the powerless, a useful strategy utilized throughout history is controlling the source of information, and who is it to interpret these information. For example the Chief Commander is the only one who is allowed to read the Bible on the night of the Ceremony, and the government of Gilead writes its own history. Having knowledge is viewed as a danger to mainstream society, a power that women werenââ¬â¢t to possess and this sometimes has been displayed in a life or death context. What women were taught more often were ideas or functions that maintained the status quo. For example, with the Handmaids training at the red center whose primary function is categorized as being a ââ¬Å"two-legged wombâ⬠(136). Armbuster summarizes in ââ¬Å"Memory and Politics? A Reflection on The Handmaid s Taleâ⬠the education taught to the Handmaids in Gilead ââ¬Å"First, they teach forgetfulness. Then they teach that women s
Tuesday, December 31, 2019
Management Issues of Implementing Welfare to Work...
Management Issues of Implementing Welfare to Work Programs In California In August of 1996, our chief executive of the United States, President Clinton, changed the structure of welfare dependency. He signed into law, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. This act, with its entire new legislature, has come to be known as welfare reform. Our state leaders, administrators and managers face many challenges and constraints in their attempt to implement a law, which will restructure the welfare dependency roles. This paper will take a detailed view of the specific challenges faced by state public sector leaders, in the attempt to implement these new laws which created a new welfare system for the Unitedâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦For too long the needy and many of our legal immigrants had dependent on government funds known as Aid for Families with Depend Children (AFDC.) When President Clinton took office, he began to restructure the United States Government and its policies. One very noticeable change, which had an impact o n the majority of the United States citizens, was the restructuring of the welfare system. AFDC was replaced by a program known as, The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF.) Under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, state administrators, as opposed to the federal government, determines the eligibility of needy families and the benefits and services they are eligible to receive. During the course of implementing welfare reform, the federal government decided that it would reduce its role as administrator of state programs and funds relating to welfare. Each state was given the authority to create and implement its own projects for reducing welfares financial weight, which the federal government carried. Each state was issued a limited amount of funds to create their own unique and innovate programs to reduce the size of welfare dependency. This action put an end to uniformed ways of administering and monitoring welfare payments. Although the federal government limited their roles of participation in welfare guidance, they set mandate in the new laws which state mustShow MoreRelatedThe Social Services Agency ( Ssa ) Of Orange County Essay1118 Words à |à 5 PagesStructure is the basis through which an organization seeks to create control the direction of an organization. This is completed through clear definitions of the allocation of work, differentiation, and the coordination of having those responsibilities working together towards the efforts of the organization, integration (Bolman Deal, 1993, pp). Through these methods, the organization is able to devise a division of labor that collaborates to bring about the missions and goals of an organizationRead MoreProfit Healthcare Organizations Vs. Non Profit Organizations1617 Words à |à 7 Pageshospital activities (Ingram, 2014). On the contrary, nonprofit hospitals accept everyone who comes in the doors and normally, they get busier than for-profit hospital (Writing, 2014). Non-profit organization (NPO) is an association that uses total welfare to accomplish their goals than dispense them as profit. The non-profit organization goals and purpose is not in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving significance to the groups of people they administer to (Wikipedia, 2014). Sharp HealthCare OneRead MoreFamily Preservation Vs. Child Removal Essay1687 Words à |à 7 PagesA little over three years ago, Gabriel Fernandez, an eight year old boy, was beaten to death, allegedly, by his mother and the boyfriend of his mother in Palmdale, California. Based on the reports of the boyââ¬â¢s teacher, who had repetitively conveyed evidence of maltreatment to social services before the childââ¬â¢s death, that fatal incident was not the first time he had been abused (LA Times, 2016). According to the Los Angeles Times (2016), ââ¬Å"In the months before the boy was killed, county child protectionRead MoreEnterprise Resource Planning Is The Fruit Of The Hard Work1515 Words à |à 7 PagesAnd also the problem of integrating all the information into one base structure, which created a burning problem affecting the efficiencies of the organizations. Every organization was waiting to have an organized system which could save all their work and collaborate all the information and c ommunicate among themselves. It was a situation of having a desperate need of new build system, which would improve their process. The complications aroused in every single business process i.e. from the startRead More The Challenges of Implementing The GAIN Program Essay2252 Words à |à 10 PagesThe Challenges of Implementing The GAIN Program Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) no longer exists. A new era has arrived and the nation has moved in a completely different direction. In 1996, new legislation, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, was passed. Under this new Act, The state and local governments wide ââ¬âranging autonomy, discretion and responsibility for serving poor women and children were returned to them. It does this by repealingRead MoreThe Board Of A Nonprofit Organization1562 Words à |à 7 PagesThe board of a nonprofit organization plays a major role in the organizations processes and effects. Chris Morfas, the Board Chair of the nonprofit organization ââ¬Å"California Bicycle Coalitionâ⬠makes it clear that ââ¬Å"itââ¬â¢s the boardââ¬â¢s role to establish the long-term strategic direction of the organization: its mission, vision, values and goalsâ⬠(Best Practices in Board-Staff Relationships). As a board, we are responsible for t he direction, oversight and resources for the organization. The board steersRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) In an Organization1841 Words à |à 8 Pagesshareholders and stakeholders that accounts mostly for difficulties in implementing CSR practices. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to dig deeper into above problems by presenting the definition of CSR and the importance of its role in international business along with the difficulties arising when implementing its practices on global scale, especially in Vietnam. What Is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)? Since it is a rising issue in worldwide businesses nowadays, the concept of social responsibilityRead More Workplace Violence Essay2488 Words à |à 10 Pagesof workplace violence. Since 1992, violence among co-workers has averaged only about 6% of all work-related homicides. The rest are the result of robberies or other crimes. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, each year nearly one million individuals become victims of violent crime while working or on duty. Eight percent of all rapes, 7% of all robberies, and 16% of all assaults occur at work. Workplace violence accounts for 16% of the more than 6.5 million acts of violence experiencedRead MoreFoster Care Independence Act of 1999 Essay3122 Words à |à 13 PagesFederal Government provided about $70 million per year to conduct programs for adolescents leaving foster care that are designed to help them establish independent living. Research and numerous reports from States conducting these programs indicate that adolescents leaving foster care do not fare well. As compared with other adolescents and young adults their age, they are more likely to quit school, to be unemployed, to be on welfare, to have mental health problems, to be parents outside marriageRead MoreEssay The System of Governance and Americans Rights and Liberties2375 Words à |à 10 Pagesthe executive branchââ¬â¢s main responsibility is to oversee the laws being made by Congress and to enforce them. The executive branch consists of the president, the vice president, and the Cabinet. The legislative branch is in charge of creating and implementing legislation and exhibiting the power to declare war, as decided by Congress. The House of Representatives and the Senate make up Congress, which belongs to the legislative branch of government (whitehouse.gov). The judicial branch is responsible
Sunday, December 22, 2019
Pathology, Perception, Medical, And Knowledge Development
Present time there are many diseases flourishing and that flourishing can be prohibit by the drugs and these drugs are designed, developed and prescribed by or under guidance of the doctors and these doctors are product of medical colleges after internship training. That is why medical interns are also known as future doctors. Pathology is fundamental need for a doctor in medical practice because pathology plays an important role in diagnosis of disease followed by treatment. There is a key role of department of pathology for skills and knowledge development in medical students. Skills and knowledge development are depends on the perception of medical students. Perception is always evaluated by the assessment during the course. There are two forms of assessments in medical education: formative and summative; and two types of examinations, one is theory examinations and other one is practical examinations. This study focused on the medical interns for Pathology about perception regard ing the types of theory questions and types of practical examinations done for formative and summative assessment in medical colleges of Northern India. KEYWORDS: Pathology, Perception, medical interns, type of theory questions, types of practical examinations, formative assessment, summative assessment. INTRODUCTION Incidences of different diseases have been proved the importance of medical education. These needs for medical education have undergone a considerable changeover globally in recentShow MoreRelatedThe Most Vital Functions Of The Nervous System1233 Words à |à 5 Pagesis our lack of understanding for various pathways that play critical role in its pathophysiology. In spite of latest development in medical laboratory science and being in ââ¬âomics era, the scientific community is far from consensus on how does an acute pain establishes itself as chronic and why does the ââ¬Ëpainââ¬â¢ exist irrespective of the presence or absence of the causative pathology. However, current studies have established numerous overlapping and redundant mechanisms that play crucial role in chronicRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of The Undiagnosed Pain Scenario1727 Words à |à 7 Pagesemotion, designed to protect the individual during times of bodily stress (Savage, 2008). However, the underlying ca use of such pain is not always readily elucidated. Devoid of objective measures or obvious underlying pathology, the physician is reliant on the patientââ¬â¢s perception of their pain to govern treatment. When such a pain management scenario is further complicated by clinical suspicion of substance abuse, especially in the setting of opioid analgesia, treatment is both medically and ethicallyRead MoreThe Death Of The Clinic873 Words à |à 4 PagesAristotelian physician was saved in a supposed age of rationality through the growth of medical teaching, civil structures of patient care, and an overriding trust in the perception (or, in his words, gaze) of a select group of varied individuals1. This was, in short, everything that defined the stereotype of mid-twentieth century Western medicine2, bar compartmentalised laboratory research into disease and pathology. Inadvertently or not, Foucault seems to consider the structuralist status quo thatRead MorePrimary Care Providers ( Pcp )787 Words à |à 4 Pagesindividuals and in a patients understanding of risk perceptions and acceptance of genetic risk associated to LS cancers, as PCP support is influential in an individualââ¬â¢s ability to adjust to carrier status and acceptance of surveillance regimens (Marquez et al., 2013; Marzuillo et al., 2013). PCPââ¬â¢s knowledge of LS screening of patients with cancers in a health care delivery organizations can be instrumental in assessing of LS, implementation, and knowledge of collaborating with a genetic team in a patientsRead MoreThe Father of Medicine, Hippocrates, Changed the Perception of Medicine1633 Words à |à 7 PagesBefore Hippocrates, the perception of medicine was very different. He was born in 460 BCE. He started scientific medicine. He was known as the father of medicine. Before Hippocrates, Greeks believed that Gods sent d isease and provoked death. All disease could be healed by the process of propitiation (the action of propitiating or appeasing a god, spirit, or person) of the Gods through sacrifices and other rituals. Only the chosen ones could communicate with the Gods; they were people whoRead MoreRecognising And Responding Of Clinical Deterioration2964 Words à |à 12 Pagesdeteriorate, the hospital must be ready with all essential equipment, personnel and education programmes in place for emergency situations (safetyandquality.gov.au, 2012). There are 3 types of rapid response system, first and most called out being the Medical Emergency Team (MET) led by a doctor in charge, second is a critical care nurse leading a rapid response team (RRT) and the final one is the critical care outreach team who also provides care for discharged intensive care patients (Mitchell, SchatzRead MoreA Synthesis Of Learning Across Topics2233 Words à |à 9 PagesSocial Science and Medical Ethics: A Synthesis of Learning Across Topics Introduction: Allan Brandt (1997: 2) in the book ââ¬Å"Morality and health: Interdisciplinary Perspectivesâ⬠, begins with the assertion that health and morality are ââ¬Å"deeply and fundamentally entangled.â⬠He is not alone in this view. De Vries (2007), as cited in Harden (2014a), states that ââ¬Å"The predominantly medical battle against obesity could then also be explained not because of the potential harmful effects of obesity on healthRead MoreConcepts of the Discipline of Nursing Essay1552 Words à |à 7 Pagesliterature has led me to understand that a discipline can be, in simple terms, thought of as a field of study with a unique perspective which gives rise to the nature and scope of inquiry of that field and therefore leads to a specialized body of knowledge (Parker, M Smith, M, 2010). In attempt to cement nursingââ¬â¢s place in the professional world and in an effort to distinguish it from other disciplines it seems imperative that nursing itself agree on the discipli neââ¬â¢s most significant concepts. ThroughRead MoreThe Impact Of Service Learning On Residency Interviews1547 Words à |à 7 Pagespersonal statements influence the resident selection process. METHODS Senior medical students completed a voluntary, confidential on-line survey to measure perceived influence of service learning on residency interviews. Student also uploaded their residency personal statements as part of the survey. Content analysis was conducted on the personal statements to identify themes of service learning experiences. A total of 37 medical students participated in the study. RESULTS Service learning narrativesRead MoreAssessment Two And Professional Development Essay1665 Words à |à 7 Pagesof Narrabundah, ACT. In three sections, this assignment will identify the population profile of the assigned community, the local Indigenous community health service - Winnunga Nimmityjah and the professional development of nurses addressing the importance of on-going professional development for delivering culturally safe nursing care at this local community health service of Narrabundah. PART A Narrabundah is located in the inner south city of Canberra, ACT. The ACT Government acknowledges the
Saturday, December 14, 2019
Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship Free Essays
string(512) " in his study that breadth of entrepreneurial xperiences significantly and directly influenced perceived feasibility, In literature it is carefully reviewed that entrepreneurââ¬â¢s intentions reveal a very few piratical support such as \(Krueger and Dickson, 1994\), analyzed that in risky situation self efficacy of those entrepreneurs are high influence high level of perception, if feasibility is high then entrepreneurs intention is more to start a new business and desire to invest more and more in business\." Information Management and Business Review Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship or any similar topic only for you Order Now 30-34, Jan 2012 (ISSN 2220-3796) Impact of Culture on Entrepreneur Intention Syed Imran Sajjad1, *Haroon Shafi1, Aasim Munir Dad2 1Iqra university Islamabad campus 2University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan *haroonshafi4@gmail. com Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to identify the role of entrepreneurship in Pakistan. After reviewing the literature, researchers identify those predictors who influence the entrepreneurââ¬â¢s intention with the help of socio cognitive model. National culture of a country influences the entrepreneurââ¬â¢s intention to start new business. Perceived feasibility, perceived desirability and entrepreneurs experience has a direct impact on entrepreneurââ¬â¢s intention. The study finds out the impact of culture on entrepreneur intention, different cultures have different ways to influence the entrepreneur intention and different ways to impact on intentions towards perceived feasibility and perceived desirability . The study helps entrepreneurââ¬â¢s decision making process and also helps out the development of further new business in Pakistan, motivates students to become entrepreneurs and analyzes their feasibility and desirability. Culture varies from country to country, within country different provinces, how different cultures, different traditions, norms and values. So in future, it helps to analyze entrepreneurââ¬â¢s intention in different cultures. Key words: Pakistanââ¬â¢s society, Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurââ¬â¢s experience, culture 1. Introduction Entrepreneur is an individual who runs a business with new idea or adding value in existing idea entrepreneur is a creator, risk taker who brings change in environment, with the help of technology, effective organization trained employees, and gets maximum benefit. A good leader is that, who manage all these activities on continuous bases. This is the study of an individual who starts new business. In this paper researchers analyze the entrepreneurial intention how entrepreneur is being motivate to starts new business, the relationship between entrepreneur intention with their experienced and relationship between desirability that influences the entrepreneur intention, study also analyze the affect of national culture on entrepreneur intention as well as entrepreneurial activity for development nd underdevelopment countries. Different aspects of human behavior but the one predictor intention plays an important role (Ajzen, 1991) when individual starts new business than an economic activity starts than circulation of money starts ultimately growth of country starts according to Romer(1994) due to entrepreneur investment in new venture long term growth of country starts. According to Mitchell et al (2002) for starting a new business many factors influence entrepreneur intention like desirability, feasibility, and entrepreneurial experience, but it varies culture to culture and nation to nation, within country culture varies, researchers are still unclear, the over all impacts of culture in entrepreneur intention, Every country has its own culture, its values, norms and beliefs that affects the entrepreneurial intention, at some stages the culture plays an important role in decision making. Now a dayââ¬â¢s private sector plays a vital role in economic development, in private sector small business owners have various opportunities to start new venture. The policies of government are important for entrepreneurs, but only development of policies is not sufficient, their implementation is also mandatory to attract investor to invest in business, small and medium enterprises some time not going well due to lack of knowledge and infrastructure. This paper is conceptual in nature and focuses that how entrepreneurs motivate to start a new venture especially in the context of culture. 2. Literature Review 30 Entrepreneurial intention: Entrepreneurial intent to begin an innovative enterprise, in literature different researchers suggested the importance of entrepreneur intent such as (Shapero Sokol, 1982; Shapero, 1975; Krueger, 1993; Bird, 1988; Krueger et al. , 2000). Some researchers including (Bird, 1988) identified entrepreneur individual nature, skill, experience the same as social desirability and personal feasibility. Different Researchers recommended including (Shane, 2003), that: the existence of an entrepreneurial possibility; its identification by the entrepreneur; and the conscious decision of the entrepreneur to be aware of that chance, are between the mandatory steps required in the entrepreneurial process. Cristina and Dwayne (2009) saw the effect of entrepreneur intention in Caribbean and the found out the link among entrepreneur intention, desirability, and feasibility and suggested that culture acted as moderator to influence the entrepreneurââ¬â¢s intention. After reviewing literature it has been seen that there is linked between desirability perception and entrepreneur intention to begin a new venture, Krueger (1993) practiced Shapiroââ¬â¢s theoretical model and suggested that there is a positive impact of perceived desirability on entrepreneur intention (Krueger et al. , 2000). For better understanding of different indicators and the impact of these indicators on entrepreneur (Krueger et al. 2000) suggested that attitude of entrepreneur varies for every exogenous facet that affects entrepreneur intention to become entrepreneur. P1. Perceived desirability will directly influence entrepreneurial intentions. The study analyzed that perceived feasibility and perceived desirability are decided by exogenous facet for example individual and conditional facets disclosure to entrepreneur experiences that studied as exogenous facets, all these observation manipulate entrepreneur intentions. According to (Bandura, 1994) self-efficacy is an emotional and thinking process. In this, model the two predictor perceived feasibility and desirability act as mediators the both predictors influence entrepreneur experience. This paper is extensions of social cognitive process model that analyzed to identify, save, and recover the information ultimately take suitable action (Frese and Zapf, 1994). For entrepreneur information any resource is very important, to identify that information and take proper action. Cristina and Dwayne (2009) argued that perceived feasibility and desirability has direct impact on entrepreneur intention and also there is a direct relationship between entrepreneur experience and intention, entrepreneur, experience plays an important role, experience influences the intention, due to experience their performance increase, experience motivated towards risk taking for new venture . Due to entrepreneur expertise that is gained from previous experience makes strategies more effective (Zhao et al. 2005). It has been argued that feasibility perceptions regarding entrepreneurship are influenced by prior exposure to entrepreneurial experiences. For example, (Shapero and Sokol, 1982) contended that prior exposure to entrepreneurial activity would have a positive effect on perceptions of feasibility (and perceived desirability). Krueger (1993) demonstrated in his study that breadth of entrepreneurial xperiences significantly and directly influenced perceived feasibility, In l iterature it is carefully reviewed that entrepreneurââ¬â¢s intentions reveal a very few piratical support such as (Krueger and Dickson, 1994), analyzed that in risky situation self efficacy of those entrepreneurs are high influence high level of perception, if feasibility is high then entrepreneurs intention is more to start a new business and desire to invest more and more in business. You read "Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship" in category "Essay examples" A supportive culture also influences the entrepreneurââ¬â¢s intention, with his social and moral values and belief. P2. Perceived Feasibility will directly Impact on entrepreneurial intentions P3. Entrepreneur experience has a direct Impact on entrepreneurial intentions 31 Figure 1: Model Culture Perceived Feasibility Entrepreneurial Experience Entrepreneurial Intentions Perceived Desirability Culture: It recommends that the culture is most effective constant for entrepreneur. Good cultural values also influence the entrepreneur intention. The appropriateness, consistency, effectiveness, (ACE) model of persuasion (Reardon et al. , 1989) three main thought of culture Importance, stability, efficiency. Culture includes some social, moral ethical values norms and beliefs that must be socially acceptable (Hofstede, 1980). This extends society think about those values norms and beliefs. Normally, researchers analyzed that culture facilitated the entrepreneurship because of high individuality, low ambiguity, and low in power remoteness, and high intention for commencement of new business. Hayton et al. , 2002, p. 34). National culture has a moderating effect on entrepreneur intention (Fernandez et al. , 1997), George and Prabhu, 2000) P4. culture of a country has a significant effect on entrepreneur intention. 3. Discussion The present study examines the role of entrepreneurial intention in Pakistan and how culture affects the entrepreneurial intention. This model is based on Shapero and Sokol (1982) and tested by Krueger (1 993). Later on Dwayne Devonish, et. l (2009) investigates the effect of entrepreneur intention in Caribbean; In Caribbean Governments are familiar with the need to expand the structure and change the mechanism in provinces and encourage the entrepreneurship. This present study sees the effect of culture in entrepreneurial intention in Pakistani society. Now ââ¬â a ââ¬â dayââ¬â¢s instability of government is not helpful for entrepreneur to invest. Government policies are also significantly affecting the entrepreneur intention. This model indicates that entrepreneurial experience has a direct and positive relationship with perceived desirability and perceived feasibility. The entrepreneurial intention plays an importance role for starting new venture, past experience influence their decisions the model shows the direct relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial experience. This model recommends that the entrepreneurââ¬â¢s experiences acts as a key function to influence the intention of an individual to become entrepreneur linked with the previous point of view and research (Shapero and Sokol, 1982). According to Krueger et al (2000) experience influences the entrepreneur intention, there is also a direct relationship between entrepreneurââ¬â¢s experience on perceived feasibility and perceived desirability, feasibility and desirability existing in environment that influence the entrepreneurââ¬â¢s experience, so perceived feasibility and perceived desirability partially mediates entrepreneurs experiences and entrepreneurs intentions. Entrepreneurs experience directly influences the entrepreneurââ¬â¢s intention to start a new venture. 2 The other two indicators perceived feasibility and desirability mediated the entrepreneurial experience towards entrepreneurial intention. In this paper, we see the impact of culture on entrepreneurial intentions and his experience, how values and norms of a culture affect entrepreneurial decision in Pakistani society, different cultures have their own values traditions and norms, many small and medium size organizations have different impa ct on culture. Mark-Pruett et al. 2008) suggest that national culture of a country is directly linked with entrepreneur intention. Culture is shared values, norms, traditions rules beliefs, and anticipated behaviors of people. Cultural values and beliefs specify the level to which society judgesââ¬â¢ entrepreneurial behaviors, such as innovation, perceived feasibility, risk taking, independent thinking and perceived desirable. Managerial implication: The study also helps managers to understand the impact of culture on entrepreneurial intentions and experience. The other motivating research would be to arrange a relative research for the service firms in different markets. A good culture influences entrepreneurial intention ultimately its performance increases and firm grows. A good supportive culture is helpful for the development of the organization, Government policies must be stable and supportive for new investors, banks also play important role for giving them loan on low interest rates, and all these aspects attract the entrepreneur intentions to start a new venture. Limitation and Recommendation: The study finds out the impact of culture on entrepreneur intention, different cultures have different ways to influence the entrepreneur intention and different ways to impact on intentions towards perceived feasibility and perceived desirability. It is difficult to sketch the conclusion, because in both streams of researches, it is difficult to measure lack of agreement and lack of clearness. In conclusion, we can say that the involvement of culture and its influence on entrepreneurial intentions helps entrepreneur to take decision. The regular support is education that increases entrepreneurial performance and efficiency. It is suggested that the education system in universities and colleges should help to improve the skill and knowledge of students regarding entrepreneurship, and also focus the students attention to find out the their desirability and feasibility in the field on entrepreneurship, conducting seminar on entrepreneurship allow entrepreneurs to share the experience with students and motivate them. Danns and Mentore (1995) suggested that ââ¬Å"entrepreneurial experienceâ⬠helps the students to develop positive attitude and approach to start a new venture. . Conclusion and Future Research Finally, entrepreneurship is a key factor for the development of any country. The current study focuses on the entrepreneurââ¬â¢s intention, national culture of a country influences the entrepreneurââ¬â¢s intention, perceived feasibility, and desirability and entrepreneurial experience directly influenc e the intention of any individual to start a new business. This study only emphasizes only Pakistani culture, and culture related policies and their implementation. In future research scholar will focus on one aspect of culture or one particular area. Culture varies country to country. Appropriate scale should be developed to empirically examine relations among above model. References Ajzen, I. (1991). Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(1), 179-211. Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy, in Ramachaudran, V. S. (Ed. ). Encyclopedia of Human Behavior Academic Press, 4, 71-81. Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intentions. Academy of Management Review, 13, 442-449. Cristina, J. Dwayne, D. 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Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272. 34 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. How to cite Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship, Essay examples
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